{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:54:01Z","timestamp":1792151641128,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32560470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32560470"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32261143461"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32261143461"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Polyploids, particularly synthetic lines, often produce larger seeds than their diploid progenitors. However, little is known regarding the role of seed coat development in the larger seeds formation in polyploid plants. Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular basis by which seed coat development mediates seed enlargement in the oilseed crop castor bean (\n                    <jats:italic>Ricinus communis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L.) following homologous chromosome doubling. We found that seeds of autotetraploid castor bean, including seed length, width, thickness and hundred\u2010seed weight, were significantly greater than those of diploids. Histological analysis further revealed that the enlarged seeds were associated with increased seed coat cell area. At the transcriptome level, we showed that genome doubling led to stage\u2010specific and non\u2010linear transcriptional changes. A total of 6043 non\u2010redundant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between tetraploid and diploid seed coats. Among them, several key genes related to cell expansion and cell wall loosening (e.g.\n                    <jats:italic>RcEXPA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>5<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>9<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>12<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>15<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>RcEXLA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcEXTs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcELP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCESA4\/7\/8<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcXYL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>RcXTH15<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>27<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>30<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly up\u2010regulated in tetraploids, consistent with enhanced seed coat expansion. In addition, lignin biosynthesis\u2010related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>RcPAL1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCOMT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Rc4CL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCSE<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcC4H<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCCRs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCADs<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcCCoAOMT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>RcHCT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were significantly down\u2010regulated in tetraploids, which may facilitate seed coat cell enlargement. The stage\u2010specific DEGs in the indole\u20103\u2010acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin, and brassinosteroid signaling pathways (\n                    <jats:italic>RcIAA3<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>13<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>16<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>26<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/\n                    <jats:italic>27<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RcRGL2<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>RcBSK6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) may contribute to regulating seed coat cell development. Importantly, co\u2010expression analysis together with yeast one\u2010hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dual\u2010luciferase reporter (DLR) assays showed that RcPDF2 bound to two L1\u2010box elements in the\n                    <jats:italic>RcEXLA1<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoter and increased its promoter activity, suggesting that RcPDF2 contributes to seed size determination by modulating seed coat cell expansion. Collectively, our study provides important insights into the underlying molecular basis of gene dosage effects on seed size formation in autopolyploid plants, thereby laying a solid foundation for enhancing yield in castor bean through polyploid breeding.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.71146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:46:41Z","timestamp":1790614001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular mechanisms underlying seed enlargement mediated by seed coat development in autotetraploid castor bean"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3582-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In\u2010Forest Resource Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianlong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 China"},{"name":"Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of In\u2010Forest Resource Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianxing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University  Kunming 650224 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