{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:31:35Z","timestamp":1769049095067,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,20]],"date-time":"2013-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Traffic"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>The organelle paralogy hypothesis is one model for the acquisition of nonendosymbiotic organelles, generated from molecular evolutionary analyses of proteins encoding specificity in the membrane traffic system. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTPase<\/jats:styled-content> activating proteins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAPs<\/jats:styled-content>) for the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ADP<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010ribosylation factor (Arfs) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GTPases<\/jats:styled-content> are additional regulators of the kinetics and fidelity of membrane traffic. Here we describe molecular evolutionary analyses of the  Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAP<\/jats:styled-content> protein family. Of the 10 subfamilies previously defined in humans, we find that 5 were likely present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Of the 3 most recently derived subfamilies, 1 was likely present in the ancestor of opisthokonts (animals and fungi) and apusomonads (flagellates classified as the sister lineage to opisthokonts), while 2 arose in the holozoan lineage. We also propose to have identified a novel ancient subfamily (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ArfGAPC2<\/jats:styled-content>), present in diverse eukaryotes but which is lost frequently, including in the opisthokonts. Surprisingly few ancient domains accompanying the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ArfGAP<\/jats:styled-content> domain were identified, in marked contrast to the extensively decorated human Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAPs<\/jats:styled-content>. Phylogenetic analyses of the subfamilies reveal patterns of single and multiple gene duplications specific to the Holozoa, to some degree mirroring evolution of Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAP<\/jats:styled-content> targets, the Arfs. Conservation, and lack thereof, of various residues in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ArfGAP<\/jats:styled-content> structure provide contextualization of previously identified functional amino acids and their application to Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAP<\/jats:styled-content> biology in general. Overall, our results yield insights into current Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAP<\/jats:styled-content> biology, reveal complexity in the ancient eukaryotic ancestor and integrate the Arf <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAP<\/jats:styled-content> family into a proposed mechanism for the evolution of nonendosymbiotic organelles.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,23]],"date-time":"2013-02-23T02:01:57Z","timestamp":1361584917000},"page":"636-649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Ancient Complexity, Opisthokont Plasticity, and Discovery of the 11th Subfamily of Arf <scp>GAP<\/scp> Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Schlacht","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mowbrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Cell Biology University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology University of Ostrava  Ostrava Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Ostrava  Ostrava Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta GA 30322 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel B.","family":"Dacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and 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