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Target structures are sequestered by double\u2010membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which are formed through the concerted action of the autophagy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATG<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010related proteins. Until recently it was assumed that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATG<\/jats:styled-content> proteins were exclusively involved in autophagy. A growing number of studies, however, have attributed functions to some of them that are distinct from their classical role in autophagosome biogenesis. Autophagy\u2010independent roles of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATG<\/jats:styled-content> proteins include the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and resistance to pathogens. For example, they assist and enhance the turnover of dead cells and microbes upon their phagocytic engulfment, and inhibit murine norovirus replication. Moreover, bone resorption by osteoclasts, innate immune regulation triggered by cytoplasmic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010associated degradation regulation all have in common the requirement of a subset of ATG proteins. Microorganisms such as coronaviruses, <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Brucella abortus<\/jats:italic> have even evolved ways to manipulate autophagy\u2010independent functions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATG<\/jats:styled-content> proteins in order to ensure the completion of their intracellular life cycle. Taken together these novel mechanisms add to the repertoire of functions and extend the number of cellular processes involving the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATG<\/jats:styled-content> proteins.<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,9]],"date-time":"2013-07-09T14:08:40Z","timestamp":1373378920000},"page":"1029-1041","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Hidden Behind Autophagy: The Unconventional Roles of <scp>ATG<\/scp> Proteins"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jovanka","family":"Bestebroer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University Medical Centre Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Institute of Biomembranes University Medical Centre Utrecht Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The 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