{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T18:39:24Z","timestamp":1789929564562,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10pt2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,17]],"date-time":"2013-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Human parvovirus 4 (\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4), a newly described member of the family\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n arvoviridae\n <\/jats:italic>\n , like\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n 19\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n , has been found in pooled plasma preparations. The extent, and significance, of\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 exposure in\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n blood donors remain to be determined and reliable detection of\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 immunoglobulin (\n Ig<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\n G<\/jats:styled-content>\n , using validated methods, is needed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n With\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 virus\u2010like particles a\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n time\u2010resolved fluorescence immunoassay (\n TRFIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) was developed. There is no gold standard or reference assay for measuring\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n and the utility of the\n TRFIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was first examined using a panel of sera from people who inject drugs (\n PWIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2014a high\u2010prevalence population for\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4 infection.\n W<\/jats:styled-content>\n estern blotting was used to confirm the specificity of\n TRFIA<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010reactive sera. Two cohorts of\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n blood donor sera comprising 452 sera collected in 1999 and 156 sera collected in 2009 were tested for\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Additional testing for\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n 19\n V IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , hepatitis\u2009C virus antibodies (anti\u2010\n HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), and\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was also undertaken.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The rate of\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n seroprevalence in\n PWIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\n was 20.7% and\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n was positively associated with the presence of anti\u2010\n HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\n with 68.4%\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2013positive sera testing anti\u2010\n HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2013positive versus 17.1%\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2013negative sera. Overall seropositivity for\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n , in 608\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n blood donors was 4.76%. The\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n seropositivity for sera collected in 1999 was 5.08%, compared to 3.84% for sera collected in 2009. No\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2013positive blood donor sera had detectable\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n ar\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n 4\n IgG<\/jats:styled-content>\n has been found in\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n blood donors and this finding needs further investigation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,31]],"date-time":"2013-05-31T01:14:27Z","timestamp":1369962867000},"page":"2575-2584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Testing\n UK<\/scp>\n blood donors for exposure to human parvovirus 4 using a time\u2010resolved fluorescence immunoassay to screen sera and\n W<\/scp>\n estern blot to confirm reactive samples"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Peter A.C.","family":"Maple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation and Diagnosis Unit, Virus Reference Department Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"Beard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation and Diagnosis Unit, Virus Reference Department Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth P.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation and Diagnosis Unit, Virus Reference Department Public Health England London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunisation and Diagnosis Unit, Virus Reference Department Public Health England London 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