{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:17:46Z","timestamp":1784247466340,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Invasion of red blood cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBCs<\/jats:styled-content>) is one of the critical points in the lifecycle of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>. The parasite does not invade other host cells. Earlier work has shown that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<\/jats:styled-content> function as putative receptors during parasite invasion. The primary focus of this study was the delineation of parasite\u2010binding domains on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The assay of choice to validate molecules that participate in invasion is an inhibition of invasion assay, in which changes in parasitemia are assessed relative to a wild\u2010type assay (no inhibitors). Inhibition of invasion can be achieved by modification of different components of the assay or by the addition of competitors of the molecules that participate in invasion. In this study purified antibody fragments to various domains on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<\/jats:styled-content> were tested for magnitude of inhibition of parasite invasion. Effects on invasion were monitored by assessment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>iemsa\u2010stained smears every 24 hours.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 10 selected antibodies directed at various epitopes on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<\/jats:styled-content>, antibodies directed against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<jats:sup>M<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> epitopes had the most severe effect (up to 35%) on inhibition of invasion, followed by antibodies directed against <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> epitope (up to 24%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms the role of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RBC<\/jats:styled-content> glycophorins <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Babesia\u2009divergens<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> invasion and shows that the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPA<jats:sup>M<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GPB<jats:sup>S<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> epitopes are likely to play an important role in the entry process<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,15]],"date-time":"2013-08-15T14:22:38Z","timestamp":1376576558000},"page":"982-989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Identification of binding domains on red blood cell glycophorins for <scp><i>B<\/i><\/scp><i>abesia divergens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Jeny 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York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood\u2010Borne Parasites Lindsley Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center  New York New 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