{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:51:40Z","timestamp":1773287500281,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UR9\/CCU316878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UR9\/CCU316878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>abesia<\/jats:italic> infection is caused by intraerythrocytic tick\u2010borne parasites. Cases of transfusion\u2010transmitted babesiosis have been increasingly recognized. To date, no <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>abesia<\/jats:italic> test has been licensed for screening <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">US<\/jats:styled-content> blood donors. We conducted a longitudinal study to assess the course and markers of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>abesia<\/jats:italic> infection among seropositive donors identified in a seroprevalence study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible donors had <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009microti<\/jats:italic> indirect fluorescent antibody (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFA<\/jats:styled-content>) titers of 64 or greater. Enrollees were monitored up to 3\u2009years, by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFA<\/jats:styled-content> and three methods for evidence of parasitemia: <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009microti<\/jats:italic> nested polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) analysis (at two laboratories), hamster inoculation, and blood\u2010smear examination.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 115 eligible donors, 84 (73%) enrolled. Eighteen enrollees (21%) had evidence of parasitemia for 30 total specimens (17% of 181), which were collected in 9 different months and tested positive by various approaches: <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> (25 specimens\/16 persons), hamster inoculation (13 specimens\/8 persons), and blood smear (one specimen positive by all three approaches). Overall, 14 persons had one or more specimen with positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> results at both laboratories (12 persons) and\/or had parasitologically confirmed infection (eight persons). Three of nine persons who had more than one specimen with evidence of parasitemia had nonconsecutive positives. Several enrollees likely had been infected at least 1 year when their last positive specimen was collected. The final three specimens for seven persons tested negative by all study methods, including <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seropositive blood donors can have protracted low\u2010level parasitemia that is variably and intermittently detected by parasitologic and molecular methods. Donor\u2010screening algorithms should include serologic testing and not solely rely on molecular testing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]],"date-time":"2014-03-28T20:55:45Z","timestamp":1396040145000},"page":"2217-2225","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A longitudinal study of <i><scp>B<\/scp>abesia microti<\/i> infection in seropositive blood donors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Leiby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmissible Diseases Department American Red Cross Holland Laboratory  Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie T.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmissible Diseases Department American Red Cross Holland Laboratory  Rockville Maryland"},{"name":"American Red Cross Biomedical Services Northeast Division  Farmington Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly Y.","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva K.","family":"Nace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan B.","family":"Slemenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norman J.","family":"Pieniazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritchard G.","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Biomedical Services Northeast Division  Farmington Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara L.","family":"Herwaldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention  Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"505","article-title":"Babesiosis surveillance\u201418 states, 2011","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly 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Risk ofBabesiainfection by blood transfusion and potential strategies for donor testing. July 26 2010 [cited 2013 Dec 22]. 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