{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:16:43Z","timestamp":1790713003242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]],"date-time":"2014-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>A one\u2010step skin disinfection method containing 2% chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate (CHG<\/jats:styled-content>) and 70% isopropyl alcohol (IPA<\/jats:styled-content>) is currently used by blood suppliers worldwide. Reports of bacterially contaminated platelet concentrates (PC<\/jats:styled-content>s) indicate that skin disinfection is not fully effective. Approximately 20% of skin microflora exist as surface\u2010attached aggregates (biofilms), known for displaying increased resistance to disinfectants. This study was aimed at determining whether skin microflora biofilm\u2010positive S<\/jats:styled-content>taphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and S<\/jats:styled-content>taphylococcus capitis<\/jats:italic> are resistant to CHG<\/jats:styled-content> and\/or IPA<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>Free\u2010floating cells and mono or dual (1\u2009:\u20091 ratio) biofilms of S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009capitis<\/jats:italic> were exposed to CHG<\/jats:styled-content>, IPA<\/jats:styled-content>, or CHG<\/jats:styled-content>\/IPA<\/jats:styled-content> for 30 seconds, simulating skin disinfection practices. Residual viable cells were quantified by colony counting. Morphology of disinfectant\u2010treated S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009epidermidis<\/jats:italic> biofilms was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Treated S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009capitis<\/jats:italic> biofilms were inoculated into PC<\/jats:styled-content>s and bacterial concentrations were determined on D<\/jats:styled-content>ays 0 and 5 of storage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Treatment of staphylococcal biofilm cells with all disinfectants caused cell damage and significant reduction in viability, with CHG<\/jats:styled-content>\/IPA<\/jats:styled-content> being the most effective. However, biofilms were significantly more resistant to treatment than free\u2010floating cells. Disinfectant\u2010treated S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009epidermidis<\/jats:italic> proliferated better in PC<\/jats:styled-content>s than S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009capitis,<\/jats:italic> especially when grown as monospecies biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Although CHG<\/jats:styled-content>\/IPA<\/jats:styled-content> is effective in reducing the viability of S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009epidermidis<\/jats:italic> and S<\/jats:styled-content>.\u2009capitis<\/jats:italic> biofilms, these organisms are not completely eliminated. Furthermore, disinfectant\u2010treated staphylococcal biofilms multiply well in PC<\/jats:styled-content>s. These results demonstrate that the biofilm\u2010forming capability of the skin microflora reduces the bactericidal efficiency of blood donor skin disinfectants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]],"date-time":"2014-05-29T09:43:59Z","timestamp":1401356639000},"page":"2974-2982","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Biofilm\u2010forming skin microflora bacteria are resistant to the bactericidal action of disinfectants used during blood donation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Mariam","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miloslav","family":"Kalab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agriculture and Agri\u2010Food Canada Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi\u2010Long","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey","family":"Landry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Greco\u2010Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Karen","family":"Brassinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Manitoba Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Costi D.","family":"Sifri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ramirez\u2010Arcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Transfusion reactions","author":"Ramirez\u2010Arcos S","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.11.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200107000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2009.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/529143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.023176-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2008.01051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.03001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2001.41081075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000330474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","article-title":"Catheter\u2010related infections: it's all about biofilm","volume":"5","author":"Ryder MA","year":"2005","journal-title":"Top Adv Pract Nurs eJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01631.x-i2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.050500-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.60.5.2048-2057.1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-5-48"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"43","volume-title":"Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics","author":"Sutton SV","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"E35 Committee.Test methods for evaluation of inactivators of antimicrobial agents. 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