{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T04:49:05Z","timestamp":1790225345502,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1403740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000850","name":"National Heart and Lung Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC2HL101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC2HL101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"Background<\/jats:title>Previous reports of W<\/jats:styled-content>est N<\/jats:styled-content>ile virus (WNV<\/jats:styled-content>) RNA<\/jats:styled-content> persistence in blood compartments have raised concerns around the remaining risk of WNV<\/jats:styled-content> transfusion transmission. This study characterized the dynamics of WNV<\/jats:styled-content> viremia in blood compartments in a longitudinal cohort of 54 WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected blood donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>Blood samples were collected throughout the year after WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2013positive blood donation (index) and characterized for WNV<\/jats:styled-content> immunoglobulin (Ig<\/jats:styled-content>)M<\/jats:styled-content> and IgG<\/jats:styled-content> antibodies and for WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> by real\u2010time reverse transcription\u2013polymerase chain reaction. WNV<\/jats:styled-content> viral loads were compared in plasma and whole blood samples and correlated with blood groups and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> persisted in the red blood cell (RBC<\/jats:styled-content>) compartment up to 3\u2009months postindex in 42% of the donors. Donors with the highest WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels in plasma at index maintained the highest WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels in whole blood over the 3\u2009months postindex. Blood group A<\/jats:styled-content> donors maintained higher postindex WNV<\/jats:styled-content> viral load in whole blood than blood group O<\/jats:styled-content> individuals (p\u2009=\u20090.027). Despite a trend for WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> to persist longer in whole blood from symptomatic subjects, no significant association was found between WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> levels in whole blood and disease outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>This study confirmed that WNV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> persists in the RBC<\/jats:styled-content> fraction in whole blood and further suggested that the level of persistence in whole blood may be a reflection of initial viral burden in plasma. The association with blood groups suggests that WNV<\/jats:styled-content> adherence to RBC<\/jats:styled-content>s may be mediated by molecules overrepresented at the surface of blood group A RBC<\/jats:styled-content>s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T11:12:51Z","timestamp":1403781171000},"page":"3232-3241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["W<\/scp>est N<\/scp>ile virus nucleic acid persistence in whole blood months after clearance in plasma: implication for transfusion and transplantation safety"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Marion C.","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzong\u2010Hae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Kaidarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjorie D.","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems, Inc. Scottsdale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Kiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems, Inc. Scottsdale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany T.","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems, Inc. Scottsdale Arizona"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie H.","family":"Tobler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco California"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems Research Institute San Francisco California"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to CDC by year and clinical presentation 1999\u20102013. 2014 [cited 2014 Jun 12]. 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