{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:00:57Z","timestamp":1761156057221},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6pt2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]],"date-time":"2016-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004963","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP7\/2007\u20102013","266194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP7\/2007\u20102013","266194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various models for estimating the residual risk (RR) of transmission of infections by blood transfusion have been published mainly based on data from high\u2010income countries. However, to obtain the data required for such an assessment remains challenging for most developing settings. The National Blood Service Zimbabwe (NBSZ) adapted a published incidence\u2010window period (IWP) model, which has less demanding data requirements. In this study we assess the impact of various definitions of blood donor subpopulations and models on RR estimates. We compared the outcomes of two published models and an adapted NBSZ model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Schreiber IWP model (Model 1), an amended version (Model 2), and an adapted NBSZ model (Model 3) were applied. Variably the three models include prevalence, incidence, preseroconversion intervals, mean lifetime risk, and person\u2010years at risk. Annual mean RR estimates and 95% confidence intervals for each of the three models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were determined using NBSZ blood donor data from 2002 through 2011.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The annual mean RR estimates for Models 1 through 3 were 1 in 6542, 5805, and 6418, respectively for HIV; 1 in 1978, 2027, and 1628 for HBV; and 1 in 9588, 15,126, and 7750, for HCV.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The adapted NBSZ model provided comparable results to the published methods and these highlight the high occurrence of HBV in Zimbabwe. The adapted NBSZ model could be used as an alternative to estimate RRs when in settings where two repeat donations are not available.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,23]],"date-time":"2016-01-23T04:18:43Z","timestamp":1453522723000},"page":"1520-1528","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Impact of using different blood donor subpopulations and models on the estimation of transfusion transmission residual risk of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis <scp>B<\/scp> virus, and hepatitis <scp>C<\/scp> virus in <scp>Z<\/scp>imbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Tonderai","family":"Mapako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology &amp; PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"National Blood Service Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mart P.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Center for Health Science and Primary Health Care, University Medical Center Utrecht  the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Mvere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Blood Service Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean C.","family":"Emmanuel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Blood Service Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Rusakaniko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, College of Health Sciences University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maarten J.","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology &amp; PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Institute of Science in Healthy Aging &amp; Health caRE (SHARE) University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marinus","family":"van Hulst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology &amp; PharmacoEconomics (PE2), Department of Pharmacy University of Groningen Groningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology Martini Hospital Groningen the Netherlands."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Screening donated blood for transfusion transmissible infections: recommendations","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.01146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606273342601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(05)80031-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/3.1.133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","volume-title":"Global database on blood safety","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Deferral of blood donors with risk factors for HIV infection saves lives and money in Zimbabwe","volume":"9","author":"McFarland W","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Demographic and social characteristics of regular donors who sero\u2010converted in Harare","volume":"35","author":"Mandisodza AR","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV infection in school based and other young donors during the 2002 and 2003 period","volume":"35","author":"Mandisodza AR","year":"2006","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"S97","article-title":"Risk factors for prevalent and incident HIV infection in a cohort of volunteer blood donors in Harare, Zimbabwe: implications for blood safety","volume":"11","author":"McFarland W","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Lond Engl"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38398222872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)91382-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"38","article-title":"The prevalence of Herpes simplex virus type\u20102 infection in blood donors in Harare, Zimbabwe","volume":"48","author":"Gwanzura L","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cent Afr J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Rapid and simple hepatitis assays: encouraging results from a blood donor population in Zimbabwe","volume":"74","author":"Mvere D","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00204.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02886.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00200.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"NBSZ Annual Report 2004","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2009.00590.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"Modern industrial statistics: the design and control of quality and reliability","author":"Kennet RS","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7060.799"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.002402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02110.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12096"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","volume-title":"Research","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"T\u2010REC: building research capacity of blood transfusion services in Africa. 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