{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:19:41Z","timestamp":1773011981276,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6pt2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1460678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010HL105704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010HL105704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood donation screening for human immunodeficiency virus Type 2 (HIV\u20102) has been in place in the United States since 1992. However, only three HIV\u20102 antibody\u2013positive donors have been reported to date, all detected via HIV\u20101 cross\u2010reactivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here we identify two additional HIV\u20102\u2013positive donors by routine anti\u2010HIV\u20101 and anti\u2010HIV\u20102 screening, including a first\u2010time male donor living in Georgia having recently immigrated to the United States from West Africa (from a 1998 donation) and a Taiwanese female repeat donor (nurse) living in California with no travel outside of Taiwan or apparent connections to West Africa (from a 2015 donation). Neither donor acknowledged any risk factors, and both remained asymptomatic through follow\u2010up. The second donor was further investigated by serologic, molecular, and genomic assays because of her unusual demographics. She was documented to harbor HIV\u20102 RNA, albeit sporadically by HIV\u20102\u2013specific nucleic acid tests (35%\u2010100% of replicates) and at very low levels (&lt;9.6 IU\/mL). Metagenomic next\u2010generation sequencing (mNGS) confirmed the identification of a Group B HIV\u20102 strain, with recovered reads covering 46.9% of the predicted genome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The estimated frequency of an HIV\u20102\u2013positive blood donor in the United States is one in 57 million donations. Due to the low frequency and low pathogenicity of HIV\u20102, public health and blood donation screening efforts must focus on HIV\u20101 detection and prevention. However, detection of HIV\u20102 infection in a donor with no apparent link to West Africa suggests that the United States must remain vigilant for HIV\u20102 virus infections. Ultradeep mNGS may be useful in the future for comprehensive identification of rare transfusion\u2010transmissible agents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]],"date-time":"2016-04-15T07:55:47Z","timestamp":1460706947000},"page":"1560-1568","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Two human immunodeficiency virus Type 2 cases in US blood donors including serologic, molecular, and genomic characterization of an epidemiologically unusual case"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Affairs, the American Red Cross Gaithersburg Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guixia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Herron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Blood Collection Region American Red Cross and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donor and Client Support Center American Red Cross Pomona California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Affairs, the American Red Cross Gaithersburg Maryland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samia N.","family":"Naccache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaye P.","family":"Brodsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quality Analytics Riverwoods Illinois"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc. San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Linnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hologic, Inc. San Diego California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Molecular Diagnostics Pleasanton California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda M.","family":"Styer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health Albany New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica M.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wadsworth Center New York State Department of Health Albany New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles Y.","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at San Francisco San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Update: HIV\u20102 infection among blood and plasma donors\u2014United States, June 1992\u2010June 1995","volume":"44","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"1995","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the United States","volume":"41","author":"O'Brien TR","year":"1992","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BransonBM OwenSM WesolowskiLG et al. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of HIV infection: updated recommendations [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Association of Public Health Laboratories; 2014 [cited 2016 Jan 31]. Available from:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc.23447.","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc.23447"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1998.38298193104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2011.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2013.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.150458"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.171934.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9610-6_36-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2425430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34706"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199908200-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"985","article-title":"HIV\u20102 infection surveillance\u2014United States, 1987\u20102009","volume":"60","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2011","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01888-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12117861"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01491-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.191049.115"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftrf.13600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.13600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T23:41:13Z","timestamp":1694648473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/trf.13600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6pt2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/trf.13600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.13600","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,15]]}}}