{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:31:22Z","timestamp":1790717482998,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,5]],"date-time":"2017-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01 HL046925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 HL046925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2 UL1 TR000442\u201006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2 UL1 TR000442\u201006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S10 OD016199\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S10 OD016199\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000738","name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 I01 CX000121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 I01 CX000121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000738","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biotin\u2010labeled red blood cells (BioRBCs) are used for in vivo kinetic studies. Because BioRBC dosing occasionally induces antibodies, a sensitive and specific anti\u2010BioRBC detection assay is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aims were to 1) develop a gel card assay to evaluate existing, naturally occurring and BioRBC\u2010induced plasma antibodies, 2) compare gel card and tube agglutination detection results, and 3) test for a relationship of antibody induction and BioRBC dose. Reagent BioRBCs were prepared using sulfo\u2010NHS biotin ranging from densities 18 (BioRBC\u201018) to 1458 (BioRBC\u20101458)\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL RBCs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among BioRBC\u2010exposed subjects, gel card and tube agglutination results were concordant in 21 of 22 adults and all 19 infant plasma samples. Gel card antibody detection sensitivity was\u00a0more than 10\u2010fold greater than tube agglutination. Twelve to 16 weeks after BioRBC exposure, induced anti\u2010antibodies were detected by gel card in three of 26 adults (12%) at reagent densities BioRBC\u2010256 or less, but in none of 41 infants. Importantly, induced anti\u2010BioRBC antibodies were associated with higher BioRBC dose (p<jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.008); no antibodies were detected in 18 subjects who received BioRBC doses less than or equal to BioRBC\u201018. For noninduced BioRBC antibodies, six of 1125 na\u00efve adults (0.3%) and none of 46 na\u00efve infants demonstrated existing anti\u2010BioRBC antibodies using reagent BioRBC\u2010140 or \u2010162. Existing anti\u2010BioRBCs were all neutralized by biotin compounds, while induced antibodies were not.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gel card assay is more sensitive than the tube agglutination assay. We recommend reagent BioRBC\u2010256 for identifying anti\u2010BioRBCs. Use of a low total RBC biotin label dose (\u2264 BioRBC\u201018) may minimize antibody induction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,6]],"date-time":"2017-03-06T04:12:39Z","timestamp":1488773559000},"page":"1488-1496","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antibodies to biotinylated red blood cells in adults and infants: improved detection, partial characterization, and dependence on red blood cell\u2010biotin dose"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Carver College of Medicine Iowa City Iowa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald M.","family":"Mock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Little Rock Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Hematology\/Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes &amp; 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