{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:33:02Z","timestamp":1788892382351,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000014","name":"Canadian Blood Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000008","name":"Health Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000008","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Effective donor skin disinfection is essential in preventing bacterial contamination of blood components with skin flora bacteria like <jats:italic>Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>. Cell aggregates of <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic> (biofilms) are found on the skin and are resistant to the commonly used donor skin disinfectants chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate and isopropyl alcohol. It has been demonstrated that essential oils synergistically enhance the antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate. The objective of this study was to test plant\u2010extracted essential oils in combination with chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate or chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate plus isopropyl alcohol for their ability to eliminate <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic> biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The composition of oils extracted from <jats:italic>Artemisia herba\u2010alba<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lavandula multifida<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Origanum marjoram<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rosmarinus officinalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Thymus capitatus<\/jats:italic> was analyzed using gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry. A rabbit model was used to assess skin irritation caused by the oils. In addition, the anti\u2010biofilm activity of the oils used alone or in combination with chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate or chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate plus isopropyl alcohol was tested against <jats:italic>S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic> biofilms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Essential oil concentrations 10%, 20%, and 30% were chosen for anti\u2010biofilm assays, because skin irritation was observed at concentrations greater than 30%. All oils except for <jats:italic>O. marjoram<\/jats:italic> had anti\u2010biofilm activity at these three concentrations. <jats:italic>L. multifida<\/jats:italic> synergistically enhanced the anti\u2010biofilm activity of chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate and resulted in the highest anti\u2010biofilm activity observed when combined with chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate plus isopropyl alcohol. Gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry revealed that the main component contributing to the activity of <jats:italic>L. multifida<\/jats:italic> oil was a natural terpene alcohol called linalool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The anti\u2010biofilm activity of chlorhexidine\u2010gluconate plus isopropyl alcohol can be greatly enhanced by <jats:italic>L. multifida<\/jats:italic> oil or linalool. Therefore, these components could potentially be used to improve blood donor skin disinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T07:11:07Z","timestamp":1505373067000},"page":"2920-2927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Enhancing blood donor skin disinfection using natural oils"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Meshari","family":"Alabdullatif","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imen","family":"Boujezza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science of Bizerte Universit\u00e9 de Carthage Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mekni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Laboratoires\u2010Centre National de Greffe de Moelle Osseuse Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ottawa Hospital Research Institute Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilini","family":"Kumaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi\u2010Long","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Landoulsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science of Bizerte Universit\u00e9 de Carthage Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Ramirez\u2010Arcos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/ehm.11.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Transfusion reactions","author":"Ramirez\u2010Arcos S","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Canadian Blood Services.Circular of information for the use of human blood components.2015[cited 2016 Dec 28].Ottawa (ON):Canadian Blood Services; 2015. 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