{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T18:39:03Z","timestamp":1771612743963,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007306","name":"Arizona Department of Health Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>St. Louis encephalitis virus is a mosquito\u2010borne flavivirus that infrequently causes epidemic central nervous system infections. In the United States, blood donors are not screened for St. Louis encephalitis virus infection, and transmission through blood transfusion has not been reported. During September 2015, St. Louis encephalitis virus infection was confirmed in an Arizona kidney transplant recipient. An investigation was initiated to determine the infection source.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patient was interviewed, and medical records were reviewed. To determine the likelihood of mosquito\u2010borne infection, mosquito surveillance data collected at patient and blood donor residences in timeframes consistent with their possible exposure periods were reviewed. To investigate other routes of exposure, organ and blood donor and recipient specimens were obtained and tested for evidence of St. Louis encephalitis virus infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>The patient presented with symptoms of central nervous system infection. Recent St. Louis encephalitis virus infection was serologically confirmed. The organ donor and three other organ recipients showed no laboratory or clinical evidence of St. Louis encephalitis virus infection. Among four donors of blood products received by the patient via transfusion, one donor had a serologically confirmed, recent St. Louis encephalitis virus infection. Exposure to an infected mosquito was unlikely based on the patient's minimal outdoor exposure. In addition, no St. Louis encephalitis virus\u2010infected mosquito pools were identified around the patient's residence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>This investigation provides evidence of the first reported possible case of St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission through blood product transfusion. Health care providers and public health professionals should maintain heightened awareness for St. Louis encephalitis virus transmission through blood transfusion in settings where outbreaks are identified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T07:27:42Z","timestamp":1505374062000},"page":"2987-2994","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["St. Louis encephalitis virus possibly transmitted through blood transfusion\u2014Arizona, 2015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Heather","family":"Venkat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services Phoenix Arizona"},{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services Phoenix Arizona"},{"name":"Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, CDC Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Sunenshine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health Phoenix Arizona"},{"name":"Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, CDC Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Krow\u2010Lucal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Atlanta Georgia"},{"name":"CDC Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases Fort Collins Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Kafenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Sylvester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Department of Public Health Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirk","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Townsend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Dosmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Mayo Clinic Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Systems, Inc Scottsdale Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Patron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Mayo Clinic Phoenix Arizona"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Kuehnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion CDC Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pallavi","family":"Annambhotla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion CDC Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sridhar V.","family":"Basavaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion CDC Atlanta Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid B.","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDC Division of Vector\u2010Borne Diseases Fort Collins Colorado"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"SLEV Transmission Investigation Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.974","article-title":"Epidemiology of neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States, 1999\u20102007","volume":"79","author":"Reimann CA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of the arthropod\u2010borne viral encephalitides in Kern County, California, 1943\u20101952","volume":"4","author":"Reeves WC","year":"1962","journal-title":"Publ Public Health Univ Calif"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.37.40S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"524","article-title":"Antibody prevalence of St. Louis encephalitis virus in avian hosts in Los Angeles, California, 1986","volume":"4","author":"McLean RG","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.46.1.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630420051017","article-title":"St Louis encephalitis in Ohio, September 1975: clinical and EEG studies in 16 cases","volume":"139","author":"Brinker KR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.4.6.503-510.1976","article-title":"Serum dilution neutralization test for California group virus identification and serology","volume":"4","author":"Lindsey HS","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).St. Louis encephalitis epidemiology & geographic distribution[cited 2017 May 10].Atlanta (GA):CDC;2015. Available from:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sle\/technical\/epi.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm by using immunoglobulin M enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay to differentiate human West Nile virus and St. Louis encephalitis virus infections during the 2002 West Nile virus epidemic in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Martin DA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4590109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00322-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200106143442401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1349","article-title":"Concurrent outbreaks of St. Louis encephalitis virus and West Nile virus disease\u2014Arizona, 2015","volume":"64","author":"Venkat H","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00481.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030969"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Guidance for industry: donor screening recommendations to reduce the risk of transmission of Zika virus by human cells tissues and cellular and tissue\u2010based products[cited 2017 May 10].Silver Spring (MD):FDA;2016. Available from:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/biologicsbloodvaccines\/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation\/guidances\/tissue\/ucm488582.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Arboviral diseases neuroinvasive and non\u2010neuroinvasive 2015 case definition[cited 2017 May 10].Atlanta (GA):CDC;2015. Available from:http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nndss\/conditions\/arboviral-diseases-neuroinvasive-and-non-neuroinvasive\/case-definition\/2015\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.5.566-574.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00115-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/5630.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.limno.2013.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1950.tb04546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Transfusion\u2010related transmission of yellow fever vaccine virus\u2014California, 2009","volume":"59","author":"Lederman E","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0708673"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1607262"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Guidance for industry: use of nucleic acid tests to reduce the risk of transmission of West Nile virus from donors of whole blood and blood components intended for transfusion[cited 2017 Jun 15].Silver Spring (MD):FDA;2009. Available from:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/Blood\/UCM189464.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-143-7-200510040-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).West Nile virus final cumulative maps and data for 1999\u20102015[cited 2017 Jun 15].Atlanta (GA):CDC;2016. Available from:http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/statsmaps\/cummapsdata.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration (FDA).Guidance for industry: assessing donor suitability and blood and blood product safety in cases of known or suspected West Nile virus infection[cited 2017 Jun 15].Silver Spring (MD):FDA;2005. Available from:http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/BiologicsBloodVaccines\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/Guidances\/Blood\/ucm080286.pdf"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftrf.14314","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.14314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T05:52:47Z","timestamp":1694757167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/trf.14314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/trf.14314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.14314","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]}}}