{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:53:14Z","timestamp":1780627994231,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]],"date-time":"2018-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Det Frie Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\u2010069412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\u2010069412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004836","name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["02\/2611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2611"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies confirm that calcium inhibits iron absorption. Danish tap water comes from groundwater, which contains varying amounts of calcium depending on the subsoil. We investigated the association of calcium in drinking water with iron levels in Danish blood donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used data on Danish blood donors including dietary and lifestyle habits, blood donation history, and physiologic characteristics including measures of ferritin levels along with information on area of residence from The Danish Blood Donor Study. Data on calcium levels in groundwater (\u201cwater hardness\u201d) were obtained through the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland. We performed multiple linear and logistic regression analyses to evaluate the effect of water hardness on ferritin levels and risk of having iron deficiency (defined as ferritin levels\u00a0&lt;15\u00a0ng\/mL), stratified by sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a significant negative association between water hardness and ferritin levels in both men and women. Risk of iron deficiency was correspondingly increased in both men (odds ratio [OR], 1.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14\u20102.12) and women (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03\u20101.40) with increasing water hardness. In analyses restricted to individuals who received supplemental iron tablets no significant association between groundwater hardness and ferritin levels was observed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>As measured by ferritin levels, residential drinking water calcium content is associated with blood donors\u2010 iron levels and risk of iron deficiency. However, effect sizes are small.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,26]],"date-time":"2018-03-26T01:12:58Z","timestamp":1522026778000},"page":"1468-1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Calcium in drinking water: effect on iron stores in Danish blood donors\u2014results from the Danish Blood Donor Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3799-8105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas S.","family":"Rigas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedikte H.","family":"Ejsing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole B.","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology N\u00e6stved Hospital N\u00e6stved Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Hjalgrim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Research Statens Serum Institut Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Haematology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Erikstrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Ullum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980008002401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The world health report 2002\u2014reducing risks promoting healthy life. Geneva: World Health Organization;2002."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.2.616S"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.3.778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.164337"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690091189194"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19930053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"StockmarrJT.Water supply in Denmark. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS);2009. p. 18."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"GEUS. Grundvandskemi [Internet]. Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS); [cited 2018 Jan 19]. Available from:http:\/\/www.geus.dk\/DK\/popular-geology\/edu\/viden_om\/grundvand\/Sider\/gv04-dk.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"National Research Council. Geochemistry of water in relation to cardiovascular disease.Washington DC:National Academies Press;1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"dbds.dk. Det Danske Bloddonorstudie (sp\u00f8rgeskema) [Internet]. Copenhagen: The Danish Blood Donor; [cited 2018 Jan 19]. Available from:http:\/\/www.dbds.dk\/sporgeskema.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"GEUS. H\u00e5rdhedskortet [Internet]. Copenhagen: GEUS;2010[cited 2018 Jan 19]. Available from:http:\/\/data.geus.dk\/geusmap\/?mapname=drikkevand&rightWidth=300#zoom=6&lat=6225000.001&lon=664500.001&visiblelayers=Topografisk&filter=&layers=&mapname=drikkevand&filter=&epsg=25832&mode=map&map_imagetype=png&wkt=."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"WHO\/CDC. Assessing the iron status of populations: report of a Joint World Health Organization\/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Technical Consultation on the Assessment of Iron Status at the Population Level. Geneva Switzerland 6\u20108 April 2004;2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-5408.2002.05505.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000177811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2011.01553.x"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftrf.14600","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.14600","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/trf.14600","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.14600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T11:26:29Z","timestamp":1693221989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/trf.14600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/trf.14600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.14600","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-11-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-01-19","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-03-25","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}