{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:04:32Z","timestamp":1787897072651,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Red Cross Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg-Hesse GmbH."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>RNA viruses are associated with a high frequency of mutations because of the missing proofreading function of polymerases, such as reverse transcriptase. Between 2007 and 2010, six blood donations with false\u2010negative nucleic acid technology (NAT) results were reported in Germany. Therefore, NAT screening in two viral genome regions was introduced by our blood donation service in 2010 on a voluntary basis and became mandatory in Germany since the beginning of 2015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood donor screening was done using, in parallel, the German Red Cross (GRC) HIV\u20101 CE long terminate repeats (LTR) PCR kit and the GRC HIV\u20101 gag CE PCR kit. In total, 7 million blood donations were screened during the study period from 2010 to 2014 with the GRC dual\u2010target human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV\u20101) NAT system. Additionally, three suspicious specimens were analyzed by four monotargeted NAT assays and by five dual\u2010target NAT assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three of 7 million donations tested negative using the 5\u2019LTR\u2013polymerase chain reaction, but they were positive if amplification was performed in the gag region. HIV antibodies were detected in all three donations. Nucleic acid sequence analysis identified a deletion of 22 bases within the 5\u2019LTR probe binding region. Three different <jats:italic>ltr<\/jats:italic>\u2010based monotargeted assays missed two donations, except for a low\u2010reactive result obtained by one of the assays. In total, the detection rates for HIV\u20101\u2013positive donations were 37.5% (3\/8) for monotargeted assays and 100% (10\/10) for dual\u2010target assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current data demonstrate that dual\u2010target NAT systems reduce the risk of false\u2010negative HIV\u20101 NAT screening results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T10:51:28Z","timestamp":1539687088000},"page":"2886-2893","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Human immunodeficiency virus 1 dual\u2010target nucleic acid technology improves blood safety: 5 years of experience of the German Red Cross blood donor service Baden\u2010W\u00fcrttemberg\u2013Hessen"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Hourfar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden\u2010W\u00fcrttemberg\u2013Hessen Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Eberle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, LMU M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden\u2010W\u00fcrttemberg\u2013Hessen Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Micha N\u00fcbling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut  Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut  Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut  Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"G\u00fcrtler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, Faculty of Medicine Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, LMU M\u00fcnchen  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uschi","family":"Mayr\u2010Wohlfart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm  Ulm 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