{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T19:30:38Z","timestamp":1784921438807,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n<jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (S. pneumoniae) strains colonize the nasopharynx and can cause mucosal infections in the upper airway and middle ear, pneumonias, and invasive infections like bacteremia, sepsis, and meningitis. Over 90 serotypes, defined by the structure of their capsular polysaccharides, are known. Twenty\u2010three of these serotypes cause most infections and several of these serotypes can develop antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Susceptibility factors that increase the susceptibility to <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> mucosal and invasive infections include all forms of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. Many patients affected by one of these deficiencies benefit from the regular administration of human gamma globulin (IgG) preparations.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Donors of plasma units used to prepare human IgG have varying concentrations of IgG antibodies against relevant <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> serotypes. These antibodies are developed in response to colonization and common subclinical infections and by routine vaccination with <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> polysaccharide vaccines. The presence of an adequate concentration of these protective antibodies against all prevalent serotypes needs to be determined to assure the effectiveness of human IgG.<\/jats:p><jats:p>All presently available methods to assess IgG antibodies against <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> capsular polysaccharides have advantages and pitfalls that are analyzed in this review.<\/jats:p><jats:p>\n<jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> testing does not provide a complete or necessarily accurate measurement of the effectiveness of antibodies <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. For regulatory purposes, caution needs to be used in the interpretation of currently available assays that measure pneumococcal antibody levels. Monitoring <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infections in patients treated with IgG and tracing information about IgG lots used to treat these patients should be encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T14:19:16Z","timestamp":1544192356000},"page":"3106-3113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Overview of antibody\u2010mediated immunity to <i>S. pneumoniae:<\/i> pneumococcal infections, pneumococcal immunity assessment, and recommendations for IG product evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ricardo U.","family":"Sorensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Louisiana State University Health Science Center  New Orleans LA"},{"name":"Louisiana Primary Immunodeficiency Network and Faculty of Medicine University of La Frontera  Temuco Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David M.","family":"Edgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Immunology Service, The Royal Hospitals, Belfast Health &amp; Social Care Trust and Queen's University Belfast  Belfast UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00379-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.3.556-559.2001","article-title":"Influence of patient age on streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive disease","volume":"8","author":"Inostroza J","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-45604-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00024-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2011.01746.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28551-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"IgG2 subclass restriction of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharides","volume":"63","author":"Barrett D","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb03353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000236721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60035-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.6.1.50-54.1999","article-title":"Transplacental transmission of serotype\u2010specific pneumococcal antibodies in a Brazilian population","volume":"6","author":"Carvalho B","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Diag Lab Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.8.2.266-272.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.12.6.722-726.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","unstructured":"WHO. 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