{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T21:09:05Z","timestamp":1785704945332,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1563408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>BACKGROUND<\/jats:title><jats:p>The optimal approach for reducing iron depletion (ID) in blood donors may vary depending on biologic or behavioral differences across donors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than 12,600 successful whole blood donors were enrolled from four US blood centers for ferritin testing. The study population was enriched for racial\/ethnic minorities (1605 African American, 1616 Asian, 1023 Hispanic). Subjects completed questionnaires on ID risk factors. Logistic regression identified predictors of absent iron stores (AIS; ferritin &lt;12\u2009ng\/mL) and low ferritin (LF; ferritin &lt;26\u2009ng\/mL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title><jats:p>Across all subjects, 19% had AIS and 42% had LF, with a sharp increase in risk observed with increasing donation intensity and among women a large decrease in risk in those more than 50\u2009years old. When other factors were controlled for, African American and Asian donors showed 20% to 25% decreased risk for AIS compared to non\u2010Hispanic Caucasian donors, while Hispanic donors had 25% higher risk. Daily iron supplementation reduced risk for LF and AIS by 30% to 40%, respectively, while the benefit from less frequent use was lower (7%\u201019% protection). Regular antacid use was associated with at least 20% increment to risk. Use of oral contraceptives or estrogen in females reduced risk by 16% to 22%, while males who reported supplemental testosterone use had a 50% to 125% greater risk for LF and AIS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study confirms high prevalence of LF and AIS in US donors and the principal risk factors of age, sex, and donation frequency. Additional demographic and behavioral risk factors of secondary importance might allow for refinement of ID mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]],"date-time":"2019-07-18T10:12:39Z","timestamp":1563444759000},"page":"3146-3156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Iron status and risk factors for iron depletion in a racially\/ethnically diverse blood donor population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan R.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Scientific Affairs  Dedham Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuelong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritchard G.","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Scientific Affairs  Farmington Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Northeast Division (formerly The Institute for Transfusion Medicine)  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grier P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy M.","family":"Endres\u2010Dighe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Rockville Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Kleinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone A.","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan E.","family":"Mast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Research Institute, Versiti (formerly, Blood Center of Wisconsin)  Milwaukee Wisconsin"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"For the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study\u2010III (REDS\u2010III)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13663"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13956"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12647"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03148.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"International forum: an investigation of iron status in blood donors","volume":"15","author":"Vuk T","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02865.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15133"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31928-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"AABB. 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