{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1768728972514,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood products may be transfused into neonates at temperatures at or below room temperature. The benefits and risks of warming blood to 37\u00b0C are not defined in this population or with the equipment used in neonates. Physiologic warming might enhance product effectiveness or decrease transfusion\u2010associated hypothermia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We utilized an in vitro model of neonatal transfusions, with a syringe pump, blood tubing, and 24\u2010gauge catheter and compared current practice (cold products) vs an inline blood warmer. Transfusions were performed rapidly (30\u2009minutes) and slower (120\u2009minutes) to model emergent vs routine situations. We tested red blood cells, fresh\u2010frozen plasma, apheresis platelets (PLTs), and cold\u2010stored low\u2010titer group O whole blood. We used infrared detectors and inline probes to measure temperatures at the origin and at the simulated patient. We assessed warmer\u2010induced damage by measuring plasma hemoglobin and hematocrit (seeking hemolysis), fibrinogen (seeking activation of coagulation), and PLT count and TEG\u2010MA (seeking PLT destruction or dysfunction).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The cold\u2010stored products were 4.2\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u00b0C (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD) at the origin and 21.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u00b0C at the patient. With the inline warmer, products were 37.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u00b0C at the warmer and 32.6\u2009\u00b1\u20091.7\u00b0C at the patient during a 30\u2010minute infusion, but were 34.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1 with a foil sheath covering the terminal tubing. We found no warmer\u2010induced damage using any metric.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In simulated neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) transfusions, an inline blood warmer can deliver blood products at near\u2010physiologic temperatures with no detected damage. We suggest in vivo testing of warmed NICU transfusions, assessing product effectiveness and hypothermia risk reduction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,10]],"date-time":"2020-08-10T19:59:33Z","timestamp":1597089573000},"page":"1924-1928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Warming blood products for transfusion to neonates: In vitro assessments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-6501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whitley","family":"Hulse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics University of Utah Health  Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-0290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy 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