{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:49:25Z","timestamp":1785865765290,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Convalescent plasma has emerged as a potential specific treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019), since it contains severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) antibodies. Several studies are currently investigating the efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID\u201019, with a focus on neutralizing antibodies. However, there is little information on whether convalescent plasma may contain additional immunoregulatory constituents produced by the blood donor during convalescence. Therefore, using a standardized whole blood assay employing synthetic toll\u2010like receptor (TLR) ligands, we have investigated the immunoregulatory capacity of convalescent plasma in direct comparison to ABO\u2010matched allogeneic control plasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whole blood samples from healthy blood donors were collected, and autologous plasma was replaced by convalescent plasma or ABO\u2010matched control plasma. Standardized innate immune triggering and monitoring was performed by adding different TLR ligands (Pam3CsK4 [TLR1\/2], HKLM [TLR2], LPS [TLR4], flagellin [TLR5], ssRNA40 [TLR8], imiquimod [TLR7], and FSL\u20101 [TLR2\/6]) and subsequent quantitative analysis of pro\u2010 and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines (IP\u201010, IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, MCP\u20101, IL\u20106, IL\u201010, and IFN\u2010\u03b3) by cytometric bead array. Negative controls included unstimulated samples as well as samples spiked with autologous plasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID\u201019 convalescent plasma (CCP) significantly decreased pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines production triggered by different TLR ligands in healthy donors as compared with healthy control plasma. IL\u20106, MCP\u20101, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 represented the cytokines that are most frequently downregulated by convalescent plasma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our experiments reveal a potential novel, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010independent immunomodulatory activity of CCP, which may be beneficial for COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T15:10:31Z","timestamp":1632237031000},"page":"3087-3093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Detection of <scp>SARS\u2010CoV<\/scp>\u20102\u2010independent immunoregulatory activity of <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 convalescent plasma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-4869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regine","family":"Brox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology University Hospital Erlangen  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Achenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology University Hospital Erlangen  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9722-8180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Hackstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology University Hospital Erlangen  Erlangen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511812"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-004-1271-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3243"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtauto.2020.100069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2020.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03622.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0227-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(01)00028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","series-title":"Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 1999. 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