{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:28:55Z","timestamp":1790674135556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Viral safety of blood products in Germany has improved significantly over the last two decades. We describe the second documented transfusion\u2010transmitted (TT) episode for the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Germany since mandatory nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT) screening was introduced in 1999.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>When a repeat donor who had tested negative for anti\u2010HCV tested positive for HCV RNA by NAT in a minipool (MP) of eight, a look\u2010back procedure was initiated. Qualitative, quantitative and genotyping assays were used to investigate the titers of the quarantined fresh frozen plasma (FFP) from the donor and a serum sample from the recipient of the pooled platelet concentrate (PPC). Amplified products of 5'UTR and HVR1 were used for sequence comparison to characterize the HCV genomic identity of donor and recipient samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All NAT tests utilized in this procedure were able to detect a low HCV RNA titer (~15\u2009IU\/ml) in the FFP from the donation. Dilution of FFP by factor 8 was performed to mimic an MP, and the detection rate correlated well with the claimed sensitivity of the tests. Analysis of donor and recipient samples revealed genotype 3a viral transmission confirmed by sequence analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This TT HCV case could have been prevented by individual donation (ID) NAT. However, a low titer blood donation in the window period (WP) is very rare. Residual risk calculation for TT HCV in the WP revealed that, compared to MP\u2010NAT testing, ID\u2010NAT would improve blood safety only marginally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]],"date-time":"2022-12-14T11:36:56Z","timestamp":1671017816000},"page":"339-347","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Second hepatitis C virus transmission by blood components since introduction of mandatory<scp>NAT<\/scp>screening in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1840-6012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyoshi","family":"Himmelsbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Kress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Fiedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csaba","family":"Miskey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Ivics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Patek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Donation Service Saar\u2010Pfalz Klinikum Saarbruecken Saarbruecken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Chudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Paul\u2010Ehrlich\u2010Institut Langen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199606273342601"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i11.2948"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.04390.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Bundesanzeiger.Bekanntmachung \u00fcber die Ergebnisse des Stufenplanverfahrens zur Verminderung des Risikos von Hepatitis B \u2010 Hepatitis C\u2010 und HIV\u2010Infektionen bei Empf\u00e4ngern von Erythrozytenkonzentraten vom 25.Februar 1998 1998(53:3835)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"WHO.Blood donor selection: guidelines on assessing donor suitability for blood donation. 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