{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T23:55:49Z","timestamp":1788220549903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>US blood donors are tested for syphilis because the bacterial agent is transfusion transmissible. Here we describe trends over an 11\u2010year period of donations positive for recent and past syphilis infections, and donations classified as syphilis false positive (FP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2023 (11\u2009years) were compiled for all American Red Cross blood donations to evaluate demographics\/characteristics and longitudinal trends in donors testing syphilis reactive\/positive. The prevalence of recent, past, and total (combination of recent\/past) infections were evaluated, along with syphilis FP donations. Classification was based on known serological methods using treponemal and non\u2010treponemal tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Approximately 53 million donations were included with 10,365 total syphilis infections (3463 recent and 6902 past; 0.02% total) and 48,719 FP (0.09%). Donor demographics, characteristics, and HBV\/HCV\/HIV nucleic acid testing reactivity differed among syphilis\u2010positive and FP compared with nonreactive donations. Donors with a FP donation had high rates of subsequent donations testing syphilis positive (0.3%) and FP (7.7%). Median time from first FP to subsequent FP was observed to be 3.6\u2009months. Recent infections increased over the 11\u2009years, with past infections peaking in 2014 followed by increases in 2021\u20132023 paralleling recent infections. Repeating cycles of seasonal FP spikes occurred in the fall of 2013 and from 2017 to 2022 corresponding with vaccine administrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syphilis infections in blood donors are trending upward, paralleling US population trends. Syphilis FP donors had high rates of subsequent FP and unexplained syphilis\u2010positive donations. Seasonal syphilis FP spikes occurred for most years but are trending downwards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T23:50:27Z","timestamp":1738021827000},"page":"551-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Syphilis\u2010positive and false\u2010positive trends among\n                    <scp>US<\/scp>\n                    blood donors, 2013\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2507-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galen","family":"Conti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahima","family":"Fayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-4532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Saa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger Y.","family":"Dodd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Consultant  North Potomac Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Sexually transmitted disease surveillance.2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sti-statistics\/annual\/index.html. Accessed 26 Nov 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.Recommendations for screening testing and management of blood donors and blood and blood components based on screening tests for syphilis. Available from:https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/85283\/download. Accessed 10 Jan 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Syphilis. Available from:https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment-guidelines\/syphilis.htm. Accessed 12 Sep 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17707"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Creative Testing Solutions.PK7400 TP HA REAGENT instructions for use. Available from:https:\/\/www.mycts.org\/Portals\/0\/Assay_PI\/WholeBlood\/Syphilis.pdf. Accessed 10 Sep 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7301a1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","unstructured":"Creative Testing Solutions.ASI automated RPR test for syphilis for use on the ASI evolution\u00ae. Available from:https:\/\/www.mycts.org\/Portals\/0\/Assay_PI\/Source%20Plasma\/RPREV.pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"Creative Testing Solutions.CAPTIA\u2122 syphilis (T. Pallidum)\u2010G. Available from:https:\/\/www.mycts.org\/Portals\/0\/Assay_PI\/Confirmatory\/Syphilis%20G.pdf. Accessed 3 Dec 2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17851"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1999.39299154737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17951"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqac025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.14.4.441-445.1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02119.x"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.18145","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:25:02Z","timestamp":1754915102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/trf.18145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/trf.18145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.18145","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-27","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}