{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:58:17Z","timestamp":1787237897699,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Contract 75F40121C00196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract 75F40121C00196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006438","name":"Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Syphilis is increasing globally, with limited monitoring of risk factors in asymptomatic, low\u2010risk populations. Here, we investigate contemporary demographic and behavioral risk factors associated with active syphilis infection (ASI) in US blood donors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beginning with donations in October 2020, four US blood centers implemented standardized risk factor interviews for ASI in blood donors as part of a larger case\u2013control study. Logistic regression models were used to assess ASI associations with demographics and behaviors within 12\u2009months before donation. A conceptual framework explored causal ASI pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Responses were obtained from 369 ASI cases and 868 controls; from all eligible cases, the enrollment rate was 16%. Risk factors in the multivariable\u2010adjusted model included age between 40 and 54\u2009years old (compared to 55+), Black race (compared to White), lower income, single\/never married and separated\/divorced or widowed status (compared to married or living together), first\u2010time donation, gay\/homosexual sexual orientation, having \u22652 male or \u22652 female sexual partners in the 12\u2009months before donation, and a history of sexually transmitted infection. The conceptual risk framework suggests that important determinants of ASI include complex variables and mediators that may have not been fully captured by the questionnaire and regression analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although not fully defining causal relationships with ASI, our findings establish a baseline for factors associated with ASI among US blood donors, which can be used to refine the donor history questionnaire following the implementation of individual risk assessment and further surveillance efforts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T05:18:47Z","timestamp":1750655927000},"page":"1460-1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Factors associated with active syphilis infection in\n                    <scp>US<\/scp>\n                    blood donors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4887-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian I.","family":"Avelino\u2010Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta L.","family":"Bruhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Kaidarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Hindes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Notari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Scientific Affairs  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Scientific Affairs  Gaithersburg Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra A.","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Blood Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Delvalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Blood Center  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Reik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OneBlood  St. Petersburg Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilson","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OneBlood  St. Petersburg Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant  Scottsdale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-5013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marion C.","family":"Lanteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Creative Testing Solutions  Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L.","family":"Stramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Disease Consultant  North Potomac Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benyam","family":"Hailu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for the Assistant Secretary of Health  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration  Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6311-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbee","family":"Whitaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration  Silver Spring Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-366X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Custer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California San Francisco  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the Transfusion\u2010Transmissible Infections Monitoring System 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