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Pica symptoms are more common in people with iron deficiency and resolve upon treatment. Without iron supplementation, volunteer blood donors can become iron deficient after repeated donations, making them an ideal population to study pica.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 12,157 volunteer blood donors within the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study\u2010III (REDS\u2010III) RBC\u2010omics study. Three pica outcomes of interest were evaluated, including ice\u2010only consumption, non\u2010ice consumption, or either type of pica (combined). Candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for replication using all of us (AoU).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Within REDS\u2010III, 2.4% of donors reported pica symptoms, and nine genome\u2010wide significant SNPs were identified as associated with pica. Within a stratified European population of 7493 REDS\u2010III donors, seven genome\u2010wide significant SNPs were identified. Both overall and in the European stratum, ferritin levels were lower in pica cases than controls (36.0\u2009\u00b1\u200943.2\u2009ng\/mL vs. 53.3\u2009\u00b1\u200969.2\u2009ng\/mL overall and 33.8\u2009\u00b1\u200941.0\u2009ng\/mL vs. 43.8\u2009\u00b1\u200955.3\u2009ng\/mL). Of these, one SNP, rs73277282, near the gene encoding the neuropeptide VF (NPVF) replicated in the AoU dataset (REDS\u2010III\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.53\u2009x\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; AoU\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuropeptide VF has been previously shown to regulate food intake and energy balance, suggesting that polymorphisms associated with its expression may synergize with iron deficiency to produce pica behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T04:01:31Z","timestamp":1771473691000},"page":"742-750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genome\u2010wide association of pica within a cohort of volunteer blood donors potentially implicates the gene encoding neuropeptide\n                    <scp>VF<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Early","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hefei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9008-9154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan R.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Red Cross Scientific Affairs  Dedham Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grier P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan E.","family":"Mast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thrombosis &amp; Hemostasis Program Versiti Blood Research Institute  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin  Milwaukee Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"for the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology Donor Evaluation Study 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