{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:15:54Z","timestamp":1783653354916,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777161600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Civilian walking blood banks (WBBs) can transfuse fresh whole blood from mobilized donors who are screened using rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) for transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) to preserve life when banked blood is unavailable. However, concerns regarding TTI risk using an RDT process instead of laboratory\u2010based testing methods persist. We aimed to understand the additional risk of TTI using an RDT\u2010based strategy compared to a laboratory\u2010based strategy with a simulation model and accompanying online tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We modeled expected TTIs per 100,000 donations from initial collection to transfusion and infection. Parameters included TTI prevalence, donor risk stratification, efficacy of stratification tools, TTI testing rates, platform test performance, and probability of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A baseline TTI prevalence of 1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25%, 1.75%) resulted in 56 TTIs (95% CI: 23, 91) when the RDT sensitivity was 90% (95% CI: 88%, 92%), 30 TTIs (95% CI: 12, 52) when the RDT sensitivity was 95% (95% CI: 93%, 97%), and 12 TTIs (95% CI: 4, 23) when the RDT sensitivity was 99% (95% CI: 97, 100%) per 100,000 donations. Compared to lab\u2010based testing, 15,351 donations would need to be made under a high\u2010sensitivity RDT testing strategy in order to incur one additional TTI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a simulated WBB model, modern RDT platforms demonstrated favorable test characteristics, with low absolute rates of TTI, particularly when low\u2010risk donors are selected. These findings support WBB implementation as an emergency transfusion strategy in settings lacking banked blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T06:00:33Z","timestamp":1777269633000},"page":"1366-1374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The risk of transfusion transmissible infection in a civilian walking blood bank using rapid diagnostic tests: A modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3398-6710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Thivalapill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Program in Global Surgery and Social Change Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Ohio University  Athens Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikathan","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Global Surgery and Social Change Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of California San Francisco  Oakland California USA"},{"name":"The Blood D.E.S.E.R.T. Coalition  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-4567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Stoeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Trauma &amp; Emergency Surgery Center for Surgery and Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-7416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobhojit","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blood D.E.S.E.R.T. Coalition  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"The George Institute New Delhi World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Emergency, Critical, and Operative Care  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6239-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bopaya","family":"Bidanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering University of Pittsburgh  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nakul","family":"Raykar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Global Surgery and Social Change Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"The Blood D.E.S.E.R.T. Coalition  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Trauma &amp; Emergency Surgery Center for Surgery and Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1705649"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2025.4027","article-title":"Hemorrhage causes most maternal deaths worldwide","volume":"333","author":"Anderer S","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(19)30200-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqae169"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00564-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"S313","article-title":"Civilian walking blood bank emergency preparedness plan","volume":"61","author":"Holcomb JB","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"S12","article-title":"U.S. cities will not meet blood product resuscitation standards during major mass casualty incidents: results of a THOR\u2010AABB working party prospective analysis","volume":"62","author":"Cannon JW","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17474086.2023.2209716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15184"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","first-page":"S167","article-title":"From battlefront to homefront: creation of a civilian walking blood bank","volume":"60","author":"Braverman MA","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"The lancet commission on global surgery \u2013 association of rural surgeons of India karad consensus statement on surgical system strengthening in rural India","volume":"7","author":"Association Of Rural Surgeons Of India\u2010Lancet Commission on Global Surgery Consensus Committee Arsi\u2010LCoGS Consensus Committee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5623"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab225"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/medethics-2015-103338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18460"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"237","article-title":"Rural blood availability: regulations must meet ethics","volume":"1","author":"Jain Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Med Ethics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"395","article-title":"A systematic review of indications when and how a military walking blood bank could bridge blood product unavailability","volume":"22","author":"Degueldre J","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-007-9201-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"S22","article-title":"The Norwegian blood preparedness project: a whole blood program including civilian walking blood banks for early treatment of patients with life\u2010threatening bleeding in municipal health care services, ambulance services, and rural hospitals","volume":"62","author":"Apelseth TO","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Guidelines on estimation of residual risk of HIV HBV or HCV infections via cellular blood components and plasma Annex 4 TRS No 1004.https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/annex-4-trs-no-1004. 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