{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T06:02:02Z","timestamp":1781071322878,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Serologic typing for ABO and RhD is standard in transfusion services, with extended serology and genotyping performed to reduce red cell alloimmunization risk. In Kenya, RH typing is limited to RhD, and genotyping is unavailable. This study used\n                      <jats:italic>RHD\/RHCE<\/jats:italic>\n                      genotyping to predict phenotypes and their distribution in a Kenyan blood donor population.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 191 donors (114 D\u2212, 74 D+, and 3 weak D) from the Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service were selected. Next\u2010generation sequencing was performed on DNA extracts using a targeted blood group sequencing panel (Illumina MiSeq). Variant call format (VCF) files were annotated with wANNOVAR, and phenotypes were predicted by matching VCF data to the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Blood Group database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>RHD*01N.01, RHD*08N.01 (RHD*\u03a8)<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>RHD*03N.01<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleles were identified predicting D\u2212 phenotype. Discordant phenotype results were observed in 11 samples with genotype predicting nine D+ (partial D) in 114 D\u2212, one D\u2212 in 74 D+, and one D\u2212 in three weak D phenotypes. For RHCE, 15 allele types produced 30 genotypes with 63% carrying at least one\n                      <jats:italic>RHCE<\/jats:italic>\n                      variant allele linked to: 1) weak and\/or partial c and e, 2) hr\n                      <jats:sup>B<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2212, and 3) V+\/\u2212, VS+, phenotypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genotyping revealed RhD\/\n                      <jats:italic>RHD<\/jats:italic>\n                      phenotype\/genotype discrepancies and RH allele diversity among Kenyan donors, including\n                      <jats:italic>RHCE<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants affecting high\u2010 and low\u2010prevalence antigen expression. These findings highlight the role of genotyping to improve accuracy for RH typing to minimize the risk of patient alloimmunization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1776848192000},"page":"1192-1202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic diversity in\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>RHD<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>RHCE<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    genes among a selected Kenyan blood donor population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3339-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra A.","family":"Sowah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5596-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis J.","family":"Perros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Githiomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Research Ministry of Health  Nairobi Kenya"},{"name":"Tissue and Transplant Authority Kenya (formally Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8568-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genghis H.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestino","family":"Obiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue and Transplant Authority Kenya (formally Kenya National Blood Transfusion Service)  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8595-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thilini N.","family":"Perera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6824-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eileen","family":"Roulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7257-1844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert L.","family":"Flower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-6168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Hyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Strategy and Research, Strategic Transformation and Readiness Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion to treat or prevent complications in sickle cell disease: an overview of Cochrane reviews","volume":"2018","author":"Fortin PM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst 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