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Significant associations between human blood group antigens and malaria are known; however, few studies have examined the relationship between blood group antigens and babesiosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From June to August 2025, 100\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      polymerase chain reaction (PCR)\u2212 and 100\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      PCR+ human patient samples tested at a national reference laboratory underwent ABO and D phenotyping and red blood cell (RBC) genotyping of 37 antigens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The predicted phenotype of S\u2010s+ was found in 32% and 50% of\n                      <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2212 and\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      + patients, respectively (\u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20095.97,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.015, odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.125, 95% confidence interval 1.18\u20133.78). Two\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      + patients had the predicted phenotype of Fy(a\u2010b\u2010), meaning that Duffy is unlikely to be an essential invasion receptor. There were no statistically significant differences in ABO or D expression between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Because multiple testing corrections were not applied to the statistical analyses, the S\/s predicted phenotype results must be viewed as hypothesis\u2010generating. This may be the first study to link\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection to human RBC S\/s antigens, which are known to impact\n                      <jats:italic>B. divergens<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Additional studies are needed to understand the impact of the babesiosis patient's blood type on\n                      <jats:italic>B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection and whether the transfusion of RBCs expressing specific antigens can impact the disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T06:39:16Z","timestamp":1779259156000},"page":"1587-1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A case\u2013control study of blood group antigen expression in\n                    <i>Babesia microti<\/i>\n                    infected patients in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8458-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan P.","family":"Jajosky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Biconcavity Inc  Lilburn Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Adjodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"},{"name":"University of Maryland  College Park Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Berdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Chan Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biostatistics Harvard T.H. 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