{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T12:02:48Z","timestamp":1790337768638,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790294400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Requests for blood from donors not vaccinated against COVID\u201019 persist despite evidence that donor vaccination does not affect transfusion recipients. We characterized organizations marketing services based on donor vaccination status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of publicly available websites from organizations marketing access to unvaccinated blood. Between July 25 and July 26, 2026, we performed 30 prespecified Google searches in six languages and screened the first 50 results per query. We included organizations offering enrollment, paid access, documents, donor registration, matching, or assistance based on COVID\u201019 vaccination status. We coded geographic reach, payment, services, donor classification, diagnostic claims, blood handling, and operational limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight organizations met inclusion criteria; four described international reach. All marketed an existing or planned donor registry or matching service, seven charged fees or offered paid access, six issued patient\u2010facing documents, and seven advertised clinician directories, referrals, advocacy, or legal support. Donor status was classified through self\u2010report, records, declarations, exemptions, social media screenshots, membership identification, or trust. One organization promoted unvalidated diagnostic tests. All depended on external clinicians, hospitals, or blood establishments; none described collecting, testing, processing, or storing blood components. Several acknowledged that matching was unavailable or not guaranteed or that hospital acceptance varied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Organizations are monetizing vaccine misinformation by selling memberships, documents, donor registries, professional directories, and advocacy services. These products give vaccination status the appearance of a medically meaningful blood attribute and may channel unsupported directed donation requests to hospitals and blood establishments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:27:21Z","timestamp":1790335641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The commercialization of \u201cunvaccinated\u201d blood: A cross\u2010sectional analysis of organizations marketing services based on donor\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 vaccination status"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5719-9685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy W.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8422-9480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garrett S.","family":"Booth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University  Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8247-1484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheharyar","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Affairs and Innovation Canadian Blood Services  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18312"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"UK Government and Parliament.Create a COVID un\u2010vaccination blood bank for un\u2010vaccinated people who need blood.https:\/\/petition.parliament.uk\/archived\/petitions\/630727. Accessed July 25 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"ShannonJ.Establish an unvaccinated blood bank service in New Zealand. Change.org.https:\/\/www.change.org\/p\/establish-an-unvaccinated-blood-bank-service-in-new-zealand. Accessed August 5 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17842"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2602587"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17616"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18159"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70279"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration.Important Information About Directed Blood Donations that are Not Medically Indicated.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/vaccines\u2010blood\u2010biologics\/safety\u2010availability\u2010biologics\/important\u2010information\u2010about\u2010directed\u2010blood\u2010donations\u2010are\u2010not\u2010medically\u2010indicated. Accessed July 25 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/annals-25-00815"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/nib.2023.a924193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2026.04.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Safe Blood Donation.Diagnostics.https:\/\/safeblood.net\/en\/diagnostics\/. Accessed September 14 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Vaccine misinformation for profit: conspiratorial wellness influencers and the monetization of alternative health","volume":"18","author":"Moran RE","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43061-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/56651"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Federal Trade Commission.Health Products Compliance Guidance.https:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/business-guidance\/resources\/health-products-compliance-guidance. Accessed August 4 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"PureBlood Registry.FAQs.https:\/\/www.purebloodregistry.com\/faqs. Accessed September 14 2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aln.0000000000004913"}],"container-title":["Transfusion"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.70414","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/trf.70414","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/trf.70414","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:27:26Z","timestamp":1790335646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/trf.70414"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"references-count":21,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/trf.70414"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/trf.70414","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0041-1132","1537-2995"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0041-1132","type":"print"},{"value":"1537-2995","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"trf.70414"}}