{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:44:55Z","timestamp":1791791095663,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL146442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL146442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL149714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL149714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75N2019D00033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N2019D00033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN2682011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN2682011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transfusion"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Donated blood is a biological product whose molecular composition is influenced by donor exposures, including environmental toxicants such as heavy metals. Among these, lead is particularly relevant because no exposure level is considered completely without risk. Most circulating lead partitions into red blood cells (RBCs), and transfused RBC units can increase blood lead levels in vulnerable recipients. Whether donor lead burden reflects donor biology and associates with storage phenotypes remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed 638 donors from the REDS donor study. Lead was measured by inductively\u2010coupled plasma mass spectrometry and linked to donor demographics, donation frequency, end\u2010of\u2010storage hemolysis phenotypes, and RBC multi\u2010omics features. Multi\u2010omics associations were assessed by Spearman correlation and repeated using partial Spearman correlations adjusted for donor age, with false\u2010discovery\u2010rate correction across all tested features.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lead levels ranged from 0.14 to 8.56\u2009\u03bcg\/dL. Donor age was the dominant correlate of lead (rho\u2009=\u20090.51,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20091\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                      ), whereas BMI showed only a weak inverse association, despite its positive relationship with age in the cohort. Lead did not differ by sex, and frequent donation (&gt;9 donations in the prior 24\u2009months) was not associated with lower lead levels. At day 42, lead associated with 53 and 5 of 3468 multi\u2010omics features in unadjusted and adjusted analyses, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low\u2010level donor lead burden is strongly age\u2010dependent. These findings identify donor age as a major determinant of the RBC lead exposome and highlight candidate age\u2010independent features for further mechanistic study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.70427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T06:48:58Z","timestamp":1791787738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Donor age is the major determinant of low\u2010level blood lead burden in the\n                    <scp>REDS<\/scp>\n                    recalled donor cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Denver\u2014Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8566-7119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Travis","family":"Nemkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Denver\u2014Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Omix Technologies Inc  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5619-2767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mars","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kleinman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1843-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory R.","family":"Keele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grier P.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International  Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0526-2088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1446-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitalant Research Institute  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine University of California  San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2258-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"D'Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics University of Colorado Denver\u2014Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"},{"name":"Omix Technologies Inc  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2023.150750","article-title":"Red blood cell storage: from genome to exposome towards personalized transfusion medicine","volume":"37","author":"D'Alessandro A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfus Med Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146175","article-title":"Blood donor exposome and impact of common drugs on red blood cell metabolism","volume":"6","author":"Nemkov T","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"861","article-title":"Caffeine impairs red blood cell storage quality by dual inhibition of ADORA2b signaling and G6PD activity","volume":"111","author":"Dzieciatkowska M","year":"2026","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17912","article-title":"Heavy metals in red blood cells: from \u201cIron Maiden\u201d to \u201cLead\u201d Zeppelin","volume":"64","author":"D'Alessandro A","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Determination of lead in plasma and studies on its relationship to lead in erythrocytes","volume":"38","author":"deSilva PE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50654-7","article-title":"A pharmacokinetic model of lead absorption and calcium competitive dynamics","volume":"9","author":"R\u0103dulescu A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1436-5","article-title":"Lead and mercury levels in preterm infants before and after blood transfusions","volume":"188","author":"Takci S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.53","article-title":"Lead exposure in preterm infants receiving red blood cell transfusions","volume":"77","author":"Zubairi H","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17872","article-title":"Measurement of lead, mercury, and cadmium in blood donors in Canada","volume":"64","author":"Hadjesfandiari N","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.14971","article-title":"Blood, sweat, and tears: Red Blood Cell\u2010Omics study objectives, design, and recruitment activities","volume":"59","author":"Endres\u2010Dighe 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