{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:19:54Z","timestamp":1783585194196,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Comparative Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The predominant challenge in canine soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) is achieving local tumour control, for which surgical excision remains the standard treatment. When complete margins are not attainable, adjuvant therapy may be recommended. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines cytotoxic drugs with electric pulses to enhance drug uptake and antitumour efficacy and has shown promising results. However, its role in incompletely excised STSs remains unclear, with limited control\u2010group studies to confirm its efficacy. This retrospective study compared recurrence rate and time to recurrence (TTR) between dogs with incompletely excised cutaneous or subcutaneous low and intermediate\u2010grade STSs treated with surgery alone or with adjuvant ECT and assessed ECT\u2010related toxicity. Medical records from one oncology centre were reviewed. Dogs were included if completely staged, non\u2010metastatic, and had a minimum follow\u2010up of 10\u2009months. The ECT protocol consisted of two sessions, 2\u2009weeks apart, with intravenous bleomycin followed by biphasic pulses using plate electrodes. Forty\u2010three dogs met the inclusion criteria: 22 underwent surgery alone, and 21 surgery followed by adjuvant ECT. Recurrence occurred in 68.2% and 33.3% of cases, respectively. Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis showed a significantly longer TTR in the ECT group (median not reached vs. 534\u2009days;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.044). Treatment was well tolerated, with mild transient local inflammation in 38% of dogs. These findings support ECT as a safe and promising adjuvant therapy for improving local tumour control in incompletely excised canine STSs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.70088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T08:04:57Z","timestamp":1783584297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surgery and Adjuvant Electrochemotherapy Compared to Surgery Alone for Treatment of Canine Incompletely Excised Soft Tissue Sarcomas"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5153-3806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramos","family":"Sofia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London Vet Specialists  London UK"},{"name":"ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)\u2010REQUIMTE, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Macfarlane","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals  Redhill UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polton","family":"Gerry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals  Redhill UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gomez Fernandez","family":"Joana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Downs Specialist Referrals  Redhill UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Ana","family":"L\u00facia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Animal Science and Study Centre\/Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (CECA\/ICETA)  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dias\u2010Pereira","family":"Patr\u00edcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)\u2010REQUIMTE, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santos","family":"Andreia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Animal Science and Study Centre\/Food and Agrarian Sciences and Technologies Institute (CECA\/ICETA)  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4Animals), University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"404","volume-title":"Withrow & Macewen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology","author":"Liptak J. 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J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.205","article-title":"Radiation Treatment of Incompletely Resected Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs","volume":"217","author":"McKnight J. A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11365","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Patients With Localized Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treated With Conservative Surgery and Radiation Therapy: An Analysis of 1225 Patients","volume":"97","author":"Zagars G. K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for the Treatment of Microscopic Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma","volume":"14","author":"Kung M. B. J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"819","article-title":"Adjuvant Electrochemotherapy for the Treatment of Incompletely Excised Spontaneous Canine Sarcomas","volume":"21","author":"Spugnini E. P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4314\/ovj.v9i1.15","article-title":"Adjuvant Electrochemotherapy With Bleomycin and Cisplatin Combination for Canine Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Study of 30 Cases","volume":"9","author":"Spugnini E. P.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Veterinary Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0179.x","article-title":"Metronomic Therapy With Cyclophosphamide and Piroxicam Effectively Delays Tumor Recurrence in Dogs With Incompletely Resected Soft Tissue Sarcomas","volume":"22","author":"Elmslie R. E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2008.0117.x","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in Veterinary Oncology","volume":"22","author":"Cemazar M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12980","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in Dogs and Cats: A Review","volume":"22","author":"Ramos S. C.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12462","article-title":"Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Dogs: A Treatment Review and a Novel Approach Using Electrochemotherapy in a Case Series","volume":"17","author":"Torrigiani F.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985810388820","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs","volume":"48","author":"Dennis M. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Veterinary Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12677","article-title":"Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group\u2013Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (VCOG\u2010CTCAE v2) Following Investigational Therapy in Dogs and Cats","volume":"19","author":"LeBlanc A. K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.244.2.187","article-title":"Second Intention Healing After Wide Local Excision of Soft Tissue Sarcomas in the Distal Aspects of the Limbs in Dogs: 31 Cases (2005\u20132012)","volume":"244","author":"Prpich C. Y.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12185.x","article-title":"Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma Managed in First Opinion Practice: Outcome in 350 Cases","volume":"43","author":"Bray J. P.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Veterinary Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.24.06.0363","article-title":"Surgery and Postoperative Definitive Radiotherapy for Management of Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Multi\u2010Institutional Retrospective Study of 272 Dogs (2010\u20132020)","volume":"263","author":"Hildebrandt I. M.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.12300","article-title":"Intra\u2010 and Inter\u2010Observer Agreement in Histological Assessment of Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma","volume":"15","author":"Yap F. W.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veterinary and Comparative Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s44356-025-00034-3","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence\u2010Assisted Mitotic Counts Improve Efficiency, Accuracy, and Inter\u2010Pathologist Agreement: A Method Toward Canine Soft Tissue Sarcoma Grade Standardization","volume":"2","author":"Borst L.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Veterinary Oncology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2003.tb14601.x","article-title":"Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs: Clinical Behaviour and Response to Surgery","volume":"81","author":"Baker\u2010Gabb M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Australian Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.09.1147","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Surgical Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs: 75 Cases (1986\u20131996)","volume":"211","author":"Kuntz C. A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.868989","article-title":"Veterinary Guidelines for Electrochemotherapy of Superficial Tumors","volume":"9","author":"Tellado M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2019.04.006","article-title":"Electrochemotherapy in Veterinary Oncology: State of the Art and Perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Spugnini E. 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