{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:10:49Z","timestamp":1786464649415,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Comparative Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) is a tumour cell\u2010lined vessel\u2010like structure associated with poor prognosis, metastasis, and treatment resistance in human breast cancer. Furthermore, it has been described in canine mammary tumours (CMTs). Hypoxia is an established driving factor for VM formation in tumours with this capability. This study aimed to compare VM\u2010like structure formation between two CMT carcinoma cell lines, CF41.Mg and CMT\u2010U27. VM\u2010like tubular structure formation was evaluated using a Matrigel\u2010based 3D cell culture system under normal conditions and after CoCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    preconditioning. VM\u2010like tubular structures were observed only in CF41.Mg cells, and CoCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    preconditioning increased the number of meshes and segments without a time\u2010dependent difference between 24 and 48\u2009h. In contrast, CMT\u2010U27 cells did not form VM\u2010like structures under the tested conditions. Subsequently, RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot analyses were conducted. Exploratory RNA sequencing of untreated cells showed differences in the expression patterns of selected genes involved in angiogenesis, epithelial\u2010to\u2010mesenchymal transition, cell migration, hypoxia\u2010associated responses, and extracellular matrix organization between the two cell lines. CoCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    treatment was associated with VM\u2010related transcriptional and protein\u2010level changes in CF41.Mg cells. In contrast, CoCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    treatment was associated with E\u2010cadherin upregulation and no significant changes in\n                    <jats:italic>MMP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>CDH2<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression in CMT\u2010U27 cells. Taken together, under the tested conditions, CoCl\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    preconditioning enhanced VM\u2010like structure formation in CF41.Mg cells but did not induce VM\u2010like tubular structures in CMT\u2010U27 cells.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vco.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:55:11Z","timestamp":1786456511000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Differential Effects of Cobalt Chloride Preconditioning on Vasculogenic Mimicry\u2010Like Structure Formation in Two Canine Mammary Tumour Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9445-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunho","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"},{"name":"HAEMARU LTD. Small Animal Clinical Research Institute  Seongnam\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8036-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong\u2010Ho","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6729-9834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Young","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3725-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Hoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3300-6084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin\u2010Ok","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine Kangwon National University  Chuncheon\u2010si Gangwon\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"605","volume-title":"Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology","author":"Vail D. 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