{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:24:22Z","timestamp":1787016262789,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1455235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sarcocystidae is a family of coccidian protozoa from the phylum Apicomplexa that includes\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Sarcocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Hammondia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Besnoitia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. All species undergo a 2\u2010host sexual and asexual cycle. In the definitive host, replication is enteroepithelial, and infection is typically asymptomatic or less commonly causes mild diarrhea. Clinical disease is most frequently observed in the intermediate host, often as an aberrant infection, and is mostly associated with neurologic, muscular, or hepatic inflammation. Here, we review the literature regarding intestinal Sarcocystidae infections in dogs and cats, with emphasis on the life cycle stages and the available diagnostic assays and their limitations. We also report the diagnostic findings for an 11\u2010year\u2010old dog with acute neutrophilic hepatitis, biliary protozoa, and negative biliary culture. Although\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Neospora<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG titers were both high,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    for these 2 organisms was negative for bile. The organisms were identified by 18S\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">rDNA PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as most consistent with\n                    <jats:italic>Hammondia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , either\n                    <jats:italic>H heydorni<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>H triffittae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This is the first report of presumed\n                    <jats:italic>Hammondia<\/jats:italic>\n                    organisms being found in canine bile.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12330","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,12]],"date-time":"2016-02-12T20:23:40Z","timestamp":1455308620000},"page":"57-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Sarcocystid organisms found in bile from a dog with acute hepatitis: a case report and review of intestinal and hepatobiliary Sarcocystidae infections in dogs and cats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Irvine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie 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