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The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory\/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010 and\/or \u03b3\u2010globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo\u2010 or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector\u2010borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine\u2010needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology\/immunohistochemistry or\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high\u2010titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory\/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,2]],"date-time":"2016-11-02T09:09:13Z","timestamp":1478077753000},"page":"552-578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Paltrinieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Gradoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Vector\u2010borne Diseases &amp; International Health Department 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