{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T01:14:26Z","timestamp":1774660466331,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Avian aspergillosis presents a significant threat to captive penguin populations. Currently, a lack of objective prognostic factors limits disease staging, objective reassessment throughout treatment, comparative evaluation of treatment regimes, and appropriate timing of euthanasia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study objective was to investigate absolute and relative plasma protein fractions by agarose gel electrophoresis (EPH) as predictors of survival in Gentoo penguins (<jats:italic>Pygoscelis papua papua<\/jats:italic>) under treatment for aspergillosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and eighty\u2010three EPH profiles from individual clinical cases were examined retrospectively. Animal survival to 90\u00a0days post sampling was established from clinical records; birds either survived (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0146) or died within 90\u00a0days (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a037), and time to death was recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen variables showed statistically significant differences (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>.05) between surviving and dying birds. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified total albumin concentration (albumin\u00a0+\u00a0prealbumin) and albumin\u2010to\u2010globulin (A:G) ratio as having strongest discriminatory values (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) at 0.788 (0.710\u20130.866) and 0.784 (0.696\u20130.871), respectively. Albumin (concentration and percentage of total protein) displayed moderate discriminatory value but additionally a weak positive correlation with time to death (95% CI); <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.353 (0.033\u20130.608) and .424 (0.116\u20130.658), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optimized test cutoffs for total albumins, albumin (concentration and percentage of total protein), and A:G ratio achieved moderate sensitivity and specificity, strong negative predictive values, but weak positive predictive values due to a low prevalence of death. Selection of appropriate test cutoff values may provide valuable adjunctive prognostic tools for clinical decision\u2010making when the prognosis is difficult to assess clinically.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]],"date-time":"2017-07-10T13:57:18Z","timestamp":1499695038000},"page":"605-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Plasma protein electrophoresis as a prognostic indicator in <i>Aspergillus<\/i> species\u2010infected Gentoo penguins (<i>Pygoscelis papua papua<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Adam D.","family":"Naylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Girling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire G.","family":"Crompton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carmichael Torrance Diagnostic Services Ltd. Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Pizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.506210"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/AX.2000.4618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4557-7397-8.00010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-16.2.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.150.16.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2013-0092.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"81","article-title":"Aspergillosis in gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) at Edinburgh Zoo, 1964 to 1988","volume":"126","author":"Flach EJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01102898"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/AX.2000.4619"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Association of Avian Veterinarians: Main Conference Proceedings","author":"Reidarson T","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Association of Avian Veterinarians: Main Conference Proceedings","author":"Cray C","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of aspergillosis in temperate penguins","volume":"34","author":"Reidarson TH","year":"1992","journal-title":"Erkrankungen der Zootiere"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-1986-4.00044-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118792919.ch25"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(68)90365-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2010-026.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-047.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Applications of protein electrophoresis in avian diagnostics","volume":"12","author":"Cray C","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2014-0191.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2014-046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.038.0204"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2000)031[0497:PEAADA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1094-9194(17)30114-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2007-041.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/10831-032714-Reg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742(2000)014[0103:SAPPEF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2011-006R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Association of Avian Veterinarians: Main Conference Proceedings","author":"Cray C","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0138.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e328348b159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00005-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012747605-6\/50018-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Association of Avian Veterinarians: Main Conference Proceedings","author":"Cray C","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","first-page":"551","article-title":"Systemic aspergillosis in an oiled magallanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus)","volume":"48","author":"Carrasco L","year":"2001","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"416","article-title":"A comparison of chemical and electrophorectic methods of serum protein determinations in clinically normal domestic animals of various ages","volume":"72","author":"Green SA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cornell Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079458508436245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","first-page":"150","article-title":"Total protein determination in pigeon plasma and serum: comparison of refractometric methods with the Biuret method","volume":"10","author":"Lumeij JT","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Avian Med Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459008418678"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2010-004.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2010-019.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","first-page":"469","article-title":"Serum electrophoretic investigations in a flock of Japanese quail with special reference to sex dependent differences in protein profiles and to ammonium sulfate gammaglobulin precititation","volume":"26","author":"Awaad MHH","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Vet Med Ser B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.2.379"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.1.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2000.61.771"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-45.3.661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","first-page":"570","article-title":"Detection of serum protein fractions and their concentrations in laying and nonlaying ostriches (Struthio camelus) fed with different dietary protein levels","volume":"155","author":"Polat U","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet (Toulouse)"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvcp.12527","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vcp.12527","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T18:48:52Z","timestamp":1696013332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vcp.12527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vcp.12527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.12527","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-6382","1939-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-6382","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-07-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}