{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:21:31Z","timestamp":1787016091948,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperglobulinemia is reported in 26% of canine chronic B\u2010cell lymphocytic leukemia (B\u2010CLL) cases. However, few cases have been characterized by protein electrophoresis and immunofixation (IF), and the incidence of a monoclonal protein (M\u2010protein) is unknown using these techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize and determine the proportion of canine B\u2010CLL cases with an M\u2010protein using plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE), routine and free light chain (fLC) IF, and to assess if productive B\u2010CLL cases express MUM1\/IRF4 by cell tube block (CTB).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PPE, routine (targeting IgG, IgA, IgM, IgG4, and light chain) and fLC IF were performed using 48 dog B\u2010CLL plasma samples from patients diagnosed via peripheral blood flow cytometry. CTB was performed on a separate cohort of 15 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hyperproteinemia (&gt;7.5\u00a0g\/dL) was present in 17\/48 cases (35%). An M\u2010protein was detected in 32\/48 cases (67%). Of these, 19\/32 cases (59%) had only complete (monoclonal heavy and light chain) M\u2010proteins detected, 10\/32 cases (31%) had both complete and fLC M\u2010proteins detected, and 3\/32 cases (9%) had only an fLC M\u2010protein detected. IgM was the most common clonal immunoglobulin isotype detected (23 cases). CD21\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      cell counts were higher in cases with detectable M\u2010protein. Plasma fLC IF suggested \u03b2\u2010\u03b3 region interference, likely caused by clotting proteins. All B\u2010CLL cases consistently expressed PAX5 and did not express MUM1\/IRF4.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Most B\u2010CLL cases had an M\u2010protein and were not hyperproteinemic. Most cases with paraproteins had a complete IgM monoclonal gammopathy; a subset had documented fLCs. The prognostic significance of heavy and fLC presence should be evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T23:34:42Z","timestamp":1658878482000},"page":"551-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Detection and Characterization of Paraproteinemia in Canine Chronic B\u2010cell Lymphocytic Leukemia Using Routine and Free Light Chain Immunofixation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9471-886X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Adam","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik B.","family":"Gary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1435-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily D.","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4904-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Russell","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD-2007-06-093906"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13814"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"214","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the dog: 22 cases (1974\u20101984)","volume":"189","author":"Leifer CE","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2014.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LEUKRES.2010.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16975"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-349134"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12766"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2020.110014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16070"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12446"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.1294015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2017.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/359071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000204140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/1TYF-VPM9-CQ2C-B0TF"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-2261(21)00554-3"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vcp.13156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vcp.13156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vcp.13156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T03:23:50Z","timestamp":1692674630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vcp.13156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vcp.13156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.13156","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-6382","1939-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-6382","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}