{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:31:11Z","timestamp":1770226271254,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Liver analyte measurement is important in the evaluation of sick animals. Liver injury in horses is recognized by increased glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, whereas biliary pathology is identified by increased alkaline phosphatase and \u03b3\u2010glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities or bilirubin concentrations. We have observed high GLDH, but not SDH, activities in neonatal foals admitted for conditions other than liver disease. Only one previous study have evaluated GLDH activity over time in healthy neonatal foals; however, SDH activity was not measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to evaluate changes in liver analytes in neonatal foals over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured serum liver analytes (GLDH, SDH, GGT, AST, total, direct, and indirect bilirubin) and creatine kinase activity of 11 clinically healthy foals before and at various times after suckling until 46\u2009days of age. Analytes were also measured in colostrum and mare serum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median GLDH activities increased after birth to peak at 3\u20104\u2009days of age (106\u2009U\/L, reference interval, 0\u20108\u00a0U\/L). Median SDH activities had a lower peak at 3\u20104\u2009days (15\u2009U\/L, reference interval, 0\u201011\u2009U\/L) and were frequently discordant with GLDH. There was no association between foal and mare serum or colostral enzyme activities. AST activity plateaued at 5\u20106\u2009days, whereas GGT activity and total and indirect bilirubin concentrations peaked at 14 and 3\u20104\u2009days of age, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Transient increases in GLDH, SDH, and GGT activities and total and indirect bilirubin concentrations occur in clinically healthy neonatal foals and do not necessarily indicate relevant liver disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T07:39:41Z","timestamp":1669707581000},"page":"261-270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transient increases in glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity occur in neonatal foals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Martha","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soon Hon","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tracy","family":"Stokol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1969.tb03358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12064"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.239.5.661"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-370491-7.00012-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1741326"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31156-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00358.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12070861"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Direct measurement of biliary bilirubin excretion in ponies during fasting","volume":"41","author":"Gronwall R","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"471","article-title":"Clinico\u2010chemical blood parameters in foals in the first two months of life","volume":"134","author":"Waelchli RO","year":"1992","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02998.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"2461","article-title":"Increase in serum gamma\u2010glutamyl transferase in neonatal Standardbred foals","volume":"47","author":"Patterson WH","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Serum biochemical indicators of liver function in neonatal foals","volume":"50","author":"Bauer JE","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"354","article-title":"Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy quarter horses","volume":"45","author":"Gossett KA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1989.tb00514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.01.56","article-title":"Serum gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase activity and protein concentration at birth and after suckling in calves with adequate and inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin G","volume":"54","author":"Perino LJ","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.09.1163","article-title":"Use of age and serum gamma\u2010glutamyltransferase activity to assess passive transfer status in lambs","volume":"211","author":"Tessman RK","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2003.00629.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516401776563472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","first-page":"575","article-title":"Enzyme activities in the dog: tissue analyses, plasma values, and intracellular distribution","volume":"42","author":"Keller P","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840130112"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1983.tb00609.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(88)90356-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00493352"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(06)81312-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"674","article-title":"Variations of plasma enzymes in the pony and the dog after carbon tetrachloride administration","volume":"42","author":"Noonan NE","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","first-page":"622","article-title":"Variations in serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and isoenzyme 5 of lactate dehydrogenase activities in horses given carbon tetrachloride","volume":"50","author":"Bernard WV","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32850-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kft087"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","first-page":"697","article-title":"Glutathione and gamma\u2010glutamyl cycle enzymes in human fetal liver","volume":"217","author":"Rollins D","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1977.tb03995.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-165X.1993.tb00869.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vcp.13181","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vcp.13181","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vcp.13181","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T17:31:19Z","timestamp":1728495079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vcp.13181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vcp.13181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vcp.13181","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0275-6382","1939-165X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0275-6382","type":"print"},{"value":"1939-165X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-07-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}