{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:58:06Z","timestamp":1776315486982,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Clinical Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Codocytes, or target cells, are a morphologic variation of erythrocytes characterized by increased membrane surface area relative to volume. In dogs, codocytosis is frequently noted on blood smear evaluation, but its clinical significance remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterize the clinical conditions associated with codocytosis in dogs and assess relationships between codocyte severity and hematologic, biochemical, and diagnostic findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on 345 dogs from a veterinary teaching hospital from September 2020 through October 2022. Dogs were included if their CBC report described codocytosis graded as \u2265\u20092+. Data collected included CBC results, serum biochemistry, clinical diagnoses, and current medications. Codocytosis was graded semi\u2010quantitatively (2+ to 4+). Statistical comparisons were made using chi\u2010square tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Codocytosis \u2265\u20092+ was identified in 2.5% of 14\u2009010 canine CBCs during the study. The majority (81.4%) had 2+ codocytes. There were no significant differences in anemia, macrocytosis, or regeneration across grades. Dogs with 3+ or 4+ codocytosis had significantly higher alanine transferase (ALT) activity and were more frequently diagnosed with hepatobiliary (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) and gastrointestinal (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009) diseases. Endocrine disease, particularly diabetes mellitus was also frequently observed. Antibiotic use was significantly associated with higher codocyte grades (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), though no causation was identified.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Codocytosis in dogs is not primarily associated with anemia or regeneration, but rather appears more frequently in diseases affecting hepatobiliary, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems. These findings suggest a multifactorial pathogenesis likely involving altered lipid metabolism and membrane remodeling. Recognition of codocytosis may provide insight into systemic disease processes in canine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T04:29:53Z","timestamp":1776313793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Codocytosis in the Dog: 345 Cases (2020\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Sarena M.","family":"Krojanker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Jaramillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brad D.","family":"Cingolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Floyd L.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priscila B. S.","family":"Serpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7102-3224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Woolcock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"188","volume-title":"Schalm's Veterinary Hematology","author":"Weiss D. J.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology","author":"Stockham S. 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