{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:24:53Z","timestamp":1759335893571},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1402444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generalized discoid lupus erythematosus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>) is an autoimmune skin disease variant rarely reported in dogs. The antimalarial immunomodulator hydroxychloroquine has been suggested as maintenance therapy for generalized<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>in one dog, but several recurrences were noted in the 1\u00a0year follow\u2010up of that patient.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the effective treatment of generalized<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>with ciclosporin in one dog.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animal<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 6\u2010year\u2010old, castrated male crossbred dog was presented with pruritic, well\u2010demarcated annular to polycyclic, hyperpigmented plaques with marginal erythema on the dorsal head, neck, trunk and medial extremities; these had been nonresponsive to treatment with doxycycline and niacinamide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigation included complete blood count, serum chemistry profile, urinalysis, serum antinuclear antibody test, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescence testing of skin biopsies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The presence of lymphocyte\u2010rich interface dermatitis on histology, together with generalized chronic recurrent hyperpigmented plaques, was consistent with the diagnosis of a generalized variant of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>. The absence of systemic signs and unremarkable laboratory tests excluded concurrent systemic lupus erythematosus. Treatment was initiated with oral dexamethasone and ciclosporin. After 1\u00a0month, dexamethasone was discontinued and oral ketoconazole was added to the therapeutic regimen. Four months later, pruritus and erythema resolved, with most skin lesions becoming impalpable. Over the last 6\u00a0months, the patient's<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>was maintained in remission with oral ciclosporin and ketoconazole in combination every 3\u00a0days.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The combination of ciclosporin and ketoconazole appeared effective to induce and maintain lesion remission in this dog with generalized<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,11]],"date-time":"2014-06-11T05:01:20Z","timestamp":1402462880000},"page":"483","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Ciclosporin therapy for canine generalized discoid lupus erythematosus refractory to doxycycline and niacinamide"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Frane","family":"Banovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Olivry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 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