{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T07:03:07Z","timestamp":1774422187175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]],"date-time":"2015-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Society of Cynologic Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A recessive inherited form of lamellar ichthyosis is well recognized in golden retrievers. In this breed, young puppies demonstrate a self\u2010limiting scaling disorder which is commonly recognized by breeders, who use the term \u201cmilk crust\u201d to describe this syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine whether \u201cmilk crust\u201d is a new keratinization disorder or a self\u2010limiting form of golden retriever ichthyosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 179 golden retriever dogs (21 dams and 158 puppies) were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dermatological examination and assessment of the patatin\u2010like phospholipase\u20101 (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNPLA<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>) genotype by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> testing of buccal mucosal swabs. Skin biopsies from one affected puppy were evaluated for histopathological abnormalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010five of 158 (28%) puppies exhibited scaling at 8\u00a0weeks of age; 113 of 158 (72%) were dermatologically normal. Of 144 analysed samples, 40 of 144 (28%) puppies demonstrated a homozygous mutation of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNPLA<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> genotype [of which, 36 of 40 (90%) had signs of scaling], 77 of 144 (53%) demonstrated a heterozygous mutation and 27 of 144 (19%) were a normal wild\u2010type. In six of 17 (35%) dams, a homozygous mutation of the <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNPLA<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> genotype was found, eight of 17 (47%) demonstrated a heterozygous mutation and three of 17 (18%) were normal wild\u2010type. Dams with a homozygous mutation were clinically unaffected. A 1\u00a0year follow\u2010up revealed that 23 of 28 (82%) puppies affected with this syndrome failed to develop typical signs of ichthyosis. In five of 28 (18%) dogs there was persistence of mild scaling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that the clinical syndrome termed \u201cmilk crust\u201d could represent a transient form of golden retriever ichthyosis. Remission is not fully linked to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PNPLA<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> genotype, suggesting that unknown factors may contribute to the clinical disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,16]],"date-time":"2015-07-16T11:52:11Z","timestamp":1437047531000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Is \u201cmilk crust\u201d a transient form of golden retriever ichthyosis?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Anja","family":"Roethig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010Universit\u00e4t Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 126 35392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kirsti J. M.","family":"Schildt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animagi Aurinkolahti Solvikinkatu 13 00990 Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika M.","family":"Welle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Pathology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern L\u00e4nggasstra\u00dfe 122 PO Box 8466 3001 Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brett E.","family":"Wildermuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tierdermatologie Wildermuth Borsigstra\u00dfe 7 65205 Wiesbaden Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Neiger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010Universit\u00e4t Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 126 35392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Thom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine Justus\u2010Liebig\u2010Universit\u00e4t Frankfurter Stra\u00dfe 126 35392 Giessen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01090.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Muller and Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology","author":"Miller WH","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine","author":"Fleckman P","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-012-2407-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2008.00667.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.45-2-174"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.1056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","unstructured":"Antagene laboratory website.Ichthyosis of golden retriever breed. Available at:www.antagene.com\/en\/ict-ichthyosisgolden-retrieverAccessed Mar 08 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000236"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"JensenCN.Ichthyosis in the golden retriever\u2014variation of clinical manifestations and breeding aspects in golden retrievers that are homozygous for the PNPLA\u2010mutation. Master's thesis University of Copenhagen 2014:1\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"Deutscher Retriever Club e.V. website Einfache Hundesuche in der DRC Datenbank. Available at:www.drc.de\/content\/einfache-hundesuche-drc-datenbank. Accessed Mar 08 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"The Institute of Canine Biology website.Significant relationships. Available at:www.instituteofcaninebiology.org\/armstrongs-canine-diversity-project.html. 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