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Irritant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content>) is a nonspecific inflammatory cutaneous reaction to an irritating agent. Allergic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content>) is an immune\u2010mediated antigen\u2010specific skin reaction to an allergenic chemical.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The biomedical literature (human, basic science, veterinary) was reviewed to evaluate the current state of knowledge regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of human <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> remains unclear, but represents up to 90\u201395% of all occupational skin diseases. The prevalence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> has not been established in veterinary medicine. The pathogenesis of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> is not fully understood, but involves a complex cascade of events between resident skin cells, relocated immune cells, pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. The main difference between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> is that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACD<\/jats:styled-content> is an antigen\u2010specific reaction to an allergenic irritating agent whereas <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICD<\/jats:styled-content> is not antigen\u2010specific. To date, there is no fully validated diagnostic test available for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>. Thus, its clinical diagnosis relies on the patient's history, clinical examination, dermatological tests and, in some cases, research\u2010based assays. The most important factor in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> management is the identification and avoidance of the culprit irritant or allergen. In addition, various topical and systemic therapies can be considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and clinical relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> is a relatively common occupational skin disease in human beings, but the prevalence in veterinary medicine is undefined. It can lead to debilitating clinical signs. 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