{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T17:48:38Z","timestamp":1774460918869,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]],"date-time":"2015-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Caryospora bigenetica<\/jats:italic> is an intracellular protozoan parasite in snakes and raptors (primary hosts) and rodents (secondary host). Experimental infection has been documented in mice, pigs and goats; natural infection in dogs is rare.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe the clinical presentation, histological features, treatment and outcome of a case of protozoal nodular dermatitis and panniculitis in a Rottweiler puppy caused by <jats:italic>C. bigenetica<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The puppy presented with generalized subcutaneous nodules measuring up to 2 cm in diameter. Histopathology revealed marked suppurative to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis with intralesional protozoal organism. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequencing confirmed infection with <jats:italic>C. bigenetica<\/jats:italic>. Treatment with a combination of oral trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>), pyrimethamine and high\u2010dose clindamycin (20 mg\/kg twice daily) resulted in resolution of lesions in 6 weeks. Discontinuation of the treatment 2 weeks later was followed by a rapid relapse of skin lesions. Clindamycin and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content> were restarted and all lesions resolved within 2 weeks; <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content> was discontinued 4 weeks later due to adverse effects. The lesions remained in remission for 2 months while the puppy received clindamycin monotherapy before a second relapse of skin lesions occurred.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and clinical importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>To the best of the authors\u2019 knowledge, this is the first documentation of the treatment and outcome of <jats:italic>C. bigenetica<\/jats:italic> cutaneous infection in a dog. Although remission of clinical signs can be achieved with combination therapy of clindamycin and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMS<\/jats:styled-content>, long\u2010term management is challenging and relapses should be anticipated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]],"date-time":"2015-11-16T04:58:43Z","timestamp":1447649923000},"page":"44","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protozoal nodular dermatitis and panniculitis in a Rottweiler puppy caused by <i><scp>C<\/scp>aryospora bigenetica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Heng L.","family":"Tham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rollins Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory 2101 Blue Ridge Rd. Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Bizikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1052 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(97)00032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282839"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-127"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00372-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282711"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.tcam.2010.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2011.08.006"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvde.12271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.12271","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,24]],"date-time":"2023-09-24T06:47:55Z","timestamp":1695538075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vde.12271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vde.12271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vde.12271","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4493","1365-3164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4493","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-08-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-11-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}