{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:20:30Z","timestamp":1787016030963,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Topical therapy is an important alternative to systemic antibacterial therapy for treatment of canine superficial pyoderma in light of the emergence of multidrug\u2010resistant staphylococci. Chlorhexidine is widely used in shampoo products alone or in combination with miconazole or tromethamine\u2010ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). Comparisons of these combinations have not been made.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (\n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) of combinations of chlorhexidine\/miconazole and chlorhexidine\/tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n in a collection of\n Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n (\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) from northern (\n NUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and southeastern (\n SEUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) United Kingdom (\n UK<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) sources.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s of chlorhexidine, miconazole, tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n and combinations of chlorhexidine\/miconazole (1:1) or chlorhexidine\/tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (80:16:1 and 80:5:1) were determined for 196 canine\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n isolates from\n NUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n [49 meticillin\u2010resistant (\n MRSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), 50 meticillin\u2010susceptible (\n MSSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n )] and fom\n SEUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n (48\n MRSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n , 49\n MSSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) using agar dilution.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n alone did not inhibit growth. Chlorhexidine\/miconazole\n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s (median = 0.5 mg\/L) were lower than those of either drug alone (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05) and lower than chlorhexidine\/tris\n EDTA MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s (median = 1 mg\/L;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.0005) in each bacterial type and from both regions, except for miconazole in\n NUK MSSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . An additive interaction was noted between chlorhexidine and miconazole or tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (80:16:1 ratio) in 79 and 43 isolates, respectively, whereas antagonism between chlorhexidine and tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n was noted for three isolates.\n NUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n isolates were more susceptible than\n SEUK<\/jats:styled-content>\n isolates (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), except\n MRSP<\/jats:styled-content>\n exposed to chlorhexidine and the chlorhexidine\/tris\n EDTA<\/jats:styled-content>\n (80:16:1) combination.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Importance<\/jats:title>\n \n These low\n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s are likely to be exceeded by topical therapy. Evaluation of the mechanisms by which chlorhexidine combinations interact to reduce\n MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n s is warranted, in view of increasing concerns of biocide tolerance in staphylococci.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T04:24:34Z","timestamp":1468383874000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Interaction of chlorhexidine with tris\n EDTA<\/scp>\n or miconazole\n in vitro<\/i>\n against canine meticillin\u2010resistant and \u2010susceptible\n Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/i>\n isolates from two\n UK<\/scp>\n regions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Si\u00e2n\u2010Marie","family":"Clark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Loeffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa M","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu\u2010Mei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorina","family":"Timofte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Chester High Road Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Bond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College Hawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield Hertfordshire AL9 7TA UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2007.00635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d4400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2,048","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv056","article-title":"Susceptibility in vitro of canine methicillin\u2010resistant and \u2010susceptible staphylococcal isolates to fusidic acid, chlorhexidine and miconazole: opportunities for topical therapy of canine superficial pyoderma","volume":"70","author":"Clark SM","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01095.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/47.6.896"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2013.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2012.01103.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effect of chlorhexidine\/EDTA\/Tris against bacterial isolates from clinical specimens","volume":"51","author":"Harper WE","year":"1987","journal-title":"Microbios"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12071"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01839255"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn398"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Cowan and Steel's Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria","author":"Barrow GI"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2004.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1993.tb00165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2013 CLSI Wayne PA"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2000.00149.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01378-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.08.010"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvde.12357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvde.12357","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.12357","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vde.12357","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.12357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T20:36:36Z","timestamp":1694291796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vde.12357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vde.12357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vde.12357","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4493","1365-3164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4493","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2016-04-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}