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Although mutations are transferred vertically, mobile resistance genes are also transferred horizontally (by transformation, transduction or conjugation\/mobilization), contributing to the dissemination of resistance. Mobile genes specifying any of the three major resistance mechanisms \u2013 enzymatic inactivation, reduced intracellular accumulation or modification of the cellular target sites \u2013 have been found in a variety of bacteria that may be isolated from animals. Such resistance genes are associated with plasmids, transposons, gene cassettes, integrative and conjugative elements or other mobile elements. Bacteria, including zoonotic pathogens, can be exchanged between animals and humans mainly via direct contact, but also via dust, aerosols or foods. Proof of the direction of transfer of resistant bacteria can be difficult and depends on the location of resistance genes or mutations in the chromosomal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> or on a mobile element.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The wide variety in resistance and resistance transfer mechanisms will continue to ensure the success of bacterial pathogens in the future. 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