{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:34:47Z","timestamp":1787830487310,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,16]],"date-time":"2016-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1476576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ryan Hospital, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Generalized discoid lupus erythematosus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDLE<\/jats:styled-content>) is a newly recognized canine variant of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLE<\/jats:styled-content>) that is not well characterized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We report herein the signalment, clinical signs, treatment outcome, histopathology and immunological findings of 10 dogs with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDLE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inclusion criteria were: (i) a &gt;3 month history of generalized skin lesions indicating a chronic or recurrent nature; (ii) skin lesions resembling those of human<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDLE<\/jats:styled-content>; (iii) histopathology of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CLE<\/jats:styled-content>(lymphocyte\u2010rich interface dermatitis). Direct immunofluorescence (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>) and antinuclear antibody serology were investigated whenever possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various breeds were affected in their mid\u2010 to late adulthood. Selection criteria of generalized multifocal, annular (\u201cdiscoid\u201d) to polycyclic plaques with pigment changes, erythematous margin, adherent scaling, follicular plugging and central alopecia were shown in all dogs. In nine dogs, plaques contained mild to moderate central scarring with depigmentation and\/or hyperpigmentation. There were no dogs in which the disease progressed to systemic lupus erythematosus within a median follow\u2010up of 2.5 years. Per inclusion criteria, interface dermatitis occurred with basement membrane zone (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMZ<\/jats:styled-content>) thickening, suprabasal apoptosis and\/or dermal fibrosis in some dogs. Infundibular interface folliculitis was common; it sometimes transitioned to mural folliculitis in lower follicle segments, and occurred with follicular and sebaceous gland atrophy. The direct<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IF<\/jats:styled-content>revealed patchy deposition of immunoglobulin IgG and IgM at the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BMZ<\/jats:styled-content>. Lesions responded to a variety of treatments, including ciclosporin, hydroxychloroquine, topical tacrolimus and tetracycline\/niacinamide. Relapses were common after medications were tapered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title><jats:p>These observations support the existence of a canine homologue of human<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GDLE<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,17]],"date-time":"2016-10-17T03:07:03Z","timestamp":1476673623000},"page":"488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Clinical and microscopic features of generalized discoid lupus erythematosus in dogs (10 cases)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Frane","family":"Banovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia 2200 College Station Road Athens GA 30602 USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith E.","family":"Linder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarja","family":"Uri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Small Animal Clinic Estonian University of Life Sciences Kreutzwaldi 1 Tartu 51014 Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Skin and Allergy Specialists Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado 3550 South Jason Street Englewood CO 80110 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thierry","family":"Olivry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University 1060 William Moore Drive Raleigh NC 27607 USA"},{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27607 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