{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:36:43Z","timestamp":1792190203635,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug\u2010resistant pathogens present a major global challenge in antimicrobial therapy and frequently complicate otitis externa in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of oregano oil, thyme oil and their main phenolic constituents against bacterial and fungal isolates associated with canine otitis externa were investigated. It was hypothesized that the main phenolic components would have greater antimicrobial activity compared to the relative essential oil.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and materials<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution with spot\u2010plating technique to determine minimum inhibitory and bactericidal\/fungicidal concentrations (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MBC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MFC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s). A time\u2013kill kinetics assay was performed to confirm the bactericidal and fungicidal activity of the oils and their phenolic constituents. One hundred bacterial and fungal isolates, including meticillin\u2010susceptible\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u00a0=\u00a010), meticillin\u2010resistant\n                      <jats:italic>S.\u00a0pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u00a0=\u00a010), \u03b2\u2010haemolytic\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (n\u00a0=\u00a020),\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u00a0=\u00a020; including 10 isolates resistant to one or two antimicrobials),\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u00a0=\u00a020) and\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (n\u00a0=\u00a020) from dogs with otitis externa were used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oregano oil, thyme oil, carvacrol and thymol exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial and fungal isolates tested.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      values ranged from 0.015 to 0.03% (146\u2013292\u00a0\u03bcg\/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) for the Gram\u2010positive bacteria and\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . For\n                      <jats:italic>P.\u00a0aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>M.\u00a0pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MIC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\n                      values ranged from 0.09 to 0.25% (800\u20132,292\u00a0\u03bcg\/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oregano oil, thyme oil, carvacrol and thymol showed good\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      bactericidal and fungicidal activity against 100 isolates from dogs with otitis externa, including some highly drug\u2010resistant isolates. These essential oils and their main phenolic constituents have the potential to be further investigated\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      for the treatment of canine otitis externa.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]],"date-time":"2019-10-01T00:24:11Z","timestamp":1569889451000},"page":"524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Antimicrobial activity of thyme oil, oregano oil, thymol and carvacrol against sensitive and resistant microbial isolates from dogs with otitis externa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jowenna Xiao Feng","family":"Sim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manouchehr","family":"Khazandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia"},{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide Roseworthy Campus South Australia 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9415-9893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Yee","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide Roseworthy Campus South Australia 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide Roseworthy Campus South Australia 5371 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6477-9127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Permal","family":"Deo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia 5000 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Epidemiological study of dogs with otitis externa in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia","volume":"58","author":"Perry LR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"1,510","article-title":"Otitis externa: review and clinical update","volume":"74","author":"Osguthorpe JD","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176379"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2000.00336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180335"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874285801408010006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo2020303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"FDA.Generally recognized as safe (GRAS).USA:Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 2018. Available athttps:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cdrh\/cfdocs\/cfcfr\/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.20. Accessed 10\/08\/2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874437001206010017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"Antimicrobial activites of twelve essential oils against microorganisms of veterinary importance","volume":"7","author":"Rusenova N","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trakia J Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4030058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03353.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines4020021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12516"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"CLSI.Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals\u2013 5thedition. CLSI document VET01.Wayne PA:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00837"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"CLSI.Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically; approved standard\u2013 10thedition. CLSI document M07\u2010A10.Wayne PA:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183457"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"CLSI.Performance standards for antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. CLSI document M60.Wayne PA:Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15117532"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"220","article-title":"Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils against human pathogenic bacteria","volume":"1","author":"Sokovic M","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR11.275"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200611357"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0080"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.653458"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46804-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2015.10.012"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.12794","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vde.12794","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.12794","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T15:07:46Z","timestamp":1694185666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vde.12794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vde.12794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vde.12794","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4493","1365-3164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4493","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-08-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-09-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}