{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:30:48Z","timestamp":1791405048347,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007404","name":"Suomen El\u00e4inl\u00e4\u00e4ketieteen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007404","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Norway spruce (<jats:italic>Picea abies<\/jats:italic>) resin\u2010based products are used in human medicine. A resin\u2010based otic rinse also could be useful in supportive care of canine otitis externa (COE), yet information on its antimicrobial effect against canine pathogens or ototoxicity is lacking.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the antimicrobial properties and ototoxicity of a commercial resin\u2010based otic product.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antimicrobial effect was evaluated using a standardised challenge test on <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Corynebacterium auriscanis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Streptococcus halichoeri<\/jats:italic> strains to measure reduction in growth after 24\u2009h exposure to the product. Effect on cell morphology was investigated by exposing <jats:italic>S.\u2009pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C.\u2009auriscanis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>P.\u2009aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M.\u2009pachydermatis<\/jats:italic> to the product in 20% and 100% (v\/v) concentrations for 6, 24 and 48\u2009h, and evaluating cells by transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy. An in\u00a0vitro microbial kill\u2013rate assay also was performed. Auditory brain stem response test, clinical evaluation and postmortem histological evaluation of ear canals were undertaken on experimental guinea pigs treated with the test product or saline controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The product showed &gt;log 5 growth reduction for all strains in the challenge test. TEM and SEM images showed clear changes in the cells' inner structures and deterioration of cells, and 100% (v\/v) test product exposure induced microbial killing in 1\u20132\u2009h. Ototoxicity was not detected in guinea pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The product may be an option in supportive care of COE because of antimicrobial effects and lack of ototoxic properties in a guinea pig model.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,3]],"date-time":"2024-01-03T03:26:17Z","timestamp":1704252377000},"page":"325-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A pilot study of antimicrobial effects and ototoxicity of a Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies<\/i>) resin\u2010based canine otic rinse product"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elina","family":"Aimo\u2010Koivisto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7584-5310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Punakallio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Repolar Pharmaceuticals Oy  Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka","family":"J\u00e4rvinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnsusp Oy  Lieto Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2703-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jouni","family":"Junnila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EstiMates Oy  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8339-5818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Gr\u00f6nthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Food Authority  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-1748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merja","family":"Rantala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Epidemiological study of dogs with otitis externa in cape Breton, Nova Scotia","volume":"58","author":"Perry LR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090501"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Managing chronic and recurrent otitis externa in dogs","volume":"6","author":"Nuttall T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Pract Today"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"785","article-title":"Comparative study of the microbial profile from bilateral canine otitis externa","volume":"49","author":"Oliveira LC","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.03.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5791"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-020-00525-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2021.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2003.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Canine otitis externa \u2014 treatment and complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajwa J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Finnish Food Safety Authority; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine U of H.Recommendations for antimicrobial use in important infectious and contagious diseases in animals.2016.https:\/\/www.ruokavirasto.fi\/globalassets\/tietoa\u2010meista\/asiointi\/oppaat\u2010ja\u2010lomakkeet\/viljelijat\/elainten\u2010pito\/elainten\u2010laakitseminen\/mikrobilaakkeiden_kayttosuositukset_fi_2.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12817"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"118","article-title":"Benedictus Olai: a useful book of medicine, 1578. 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