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Healthy German shepherd dogs were contemporaneously sampled. Sites included the rectum, perianal skin and axilla. The microbiome was evaluated following sequencing of the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Alpha diversity was not significantly different between healthy and affected dogs at each of the three body sites (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.5), yet rectal and perianal beta diversities from affected dogs differed significantly from those of healthy dogs at Day 0 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004). Rectal and perianal relative abundance of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> spp. increased and perianal <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. relative abundance decreased in affected dogs over time, coincident with lesion resolution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Changes in lesional cutaneous and rectal microbiota occur in German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas and shift over time with lesion resolution during immunomodulatory therapy. Further investigations of the role of cutaneous and enteric microbiota in the pathogenesis of perianal fistulas, and whether manipulation of microbial populations may ameliorate disease, are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T06:39:01Z","timestamp":1713163141000},"page":"375-385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Longitudinal evaluation of the cutaneous and rectal microbiota of German shepherd dogs with perianal fistulas undergoing therapy with ciclosporin and ketoconazole"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6290-3702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine L.","family":"Cain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey E.","family":"Citron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Grice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-5307","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"II","given":"Charles W.","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2018.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2008.01188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1992.tb01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-0039.2007.00964.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-32-6-515"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1785246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-014-0766-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/rme.15.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2008.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.152.8.225"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00267.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2006.00187.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1997.211.10.1249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2012.09.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10814.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2004.tb00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.1009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-014-0052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"OksanenJ SimpsonGL BlanchetFG KindtR LegendreP MinchinPR et\u00a0al.vegan: Community Ecology Package; 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