{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:16:49Z","timestamp":1777364209933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Protection from solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is paramount in light\u2010skinned pig breeds such as Yorkshire or Landrace to avoid sunburn.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Determination of the UVR exposure of a pig and the sun protection abilities of shade cloths with different shade rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Life\u2010sized plastic model of a Landrace pig.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The model was equipped with 20 UVR meters at various anatomical positions that recorded the erythemal effective solar irradiance. A turntable enabled irradiation from different directions. Solar irradiance was measured in direct sunlight as well as under three shade cloths with different shade rates (50%, 75% and 90%) and a camouflage net. The sun protection factors (SPF) were determined as the ratio of unshaded\u2010to\u2010shaded measurements at the same solar elevation. The exposure ratio to ambient (ERTA) was calculated for each body site with respect to ambient irradiance. It allows determination of when pigs are at risk of sunburn and protection is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The calculated ERTA values show that some body parts may receive higher values than ambient UVR. Measurements showed that the SPF of shade cloths depends on textile denseness. Selected shade cloths reached values of 3.5 (shade rate 50%), 4.2 (75%) and 5.8 (90%). Protection by the camouflage net was poor. The highest SPF was gained on body sides where ERTA was highest.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Shade cloths can protect all body sites effectively and vulnerable sites in particular. The results of our study enable an estimation of when pigs are at risk of sunburn and provide quantitative metrics for sun protection. This allows effective prevention of UVR\u2010caused skin damage and secondary disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T09:29:18Z","timestamp":1724059758000},"page":"641-651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ultraviolet radiation protection factors of livestock shade cloths for free\u2010range pigs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0719-391X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. W.","family":"Schmalwieser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Physiology and Biophysics University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Bigelbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Physiology and Biophysics University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Helletzgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Physiology and Biophysics University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Danhel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Physiology and Biophysics University of Veterinary Medicine  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Heydenreich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Bispebjerg Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"144","article-title":"Miniature swine as an animal model in photodermatology: factors influencing sunburn cell formation","volume":"2","author":"Sambuco CP","year":"1985","journal-title":"Photo\u2010Dermatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.20.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/inpract.30.4.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1pp05271c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d0pp00182a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of sustainability science and technology","author":"Weihs P","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Products.\u201cOpinion on biological effects of ultraviolet radiation relevant to health with particular reference to sunbeds for cosmetic purposes\u201d. European Commission Health and Consumer Protection Directorate\u2010General; Report no. SCCP\/0949\/052006."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"ReischlS HenrichJ SchaubergerG.Time course and dose\u2010response\u2010relationship of erythema of the pigs induced by UVB\u2010 and UVC\u2010radiation.13th international congress on photobiology 2000; San Francisco CA USA: p. 136.2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01478.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000401274"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20053"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0781.2011.00608.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2003)0780180SUBPSS2.0.CO2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp00178a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization International Commission on Illumination.ISO\/CIE 17166:2019: Erythema reference action spectrum and standard erythema dose.2019Available from:https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/74167.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00379c"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","volume-title":"A practical guide to operating broadband instruments measuring erythemally weighted irradiance","author":"Webb A","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"CEN EN 13758\u20101:2007 \u2013 textiles \u2013 solar UV protective properties \u2013 part 1: method of test for apparel fabrics","author":"European Standards","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01401.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1517575"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","volume-title":"UV\u2010index for the public","author":"Vanicek K","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","unstructured":"WHO WMO UNEP ICNIRP.Global solar UV index: a practical guide. Report no. 9241590076.2002Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241590076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2005.tb01535.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9846(17)30042-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.483010.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(00)00003-8"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vde.13290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:33:59Z","timestamp":1743554039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vde.13290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vde.13290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vde.13290","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4493","1365-3164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4493","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}