{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T02:58:19Z","timestamp":1784084299437,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001786","name":"University of Adelaide","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofilm production by canine otitis externa (COE) pathogens and resistance development to multiple antimicrobials are commonly reported problems in veterinary practice. The use of adjuvants to disrupt biofilms may be a viable adjunctive therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis\/Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the in\u00a0vitro antibiofilm activity against COE pathogens of three otic cleansers: PHMB\u2010EDTA (poly [hexamethylene] biguanide hydrochloride and disodium edetate), <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylcysteine (NAC) and Triz\u2010EDTA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals\/Isolates<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty isolates of each species, including <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus canis, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Malassezia pachydermatis<\/jats:italic>, were collected from COE cases and stored at \u221280\u00b0C until tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Materials<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biofilm production was determined by Congo\u2010red agar and microtitre plate\u2010assay methods. Ten of the best biofilm\u2010producing isolates per species were selected to determine minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined to compare MBEC\/MIC and MBEC\/MBC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PHMB\u2010EDTA possessed antibiofilm activity at low concentrations (MBEC range 3.9\/2.3\u2013500\/300\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) against all tested COE pathogens. NAC demonstrated antibiofilm activity for all tested bacterial COE pathogens (MBEC range 4,925\u201319,700\u2009\u03bcg\/mL); however, most <jats:italic>M.\u2009pachydermatis<\/jats:italic> isolates exhibited MBEC values &gt;20,000\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. Triz\/EDTA at the highest concentration tested (3,025\/19,520\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) did not demonstrate antibiofilm activity against most COE pathogens except for <jats:italic>S. canis<\/jats:italic> (94.5\/610\u2009\u03bcg\/mL).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>PHMB\u2010EDTA had intrinsic antibiofilm activity at low concentrations against all COE pathogens. Therefore, it is likely to be a very effective adjuvant when used in conjunction with other antimicrobials for the treatment of COE caused by biofilm\u2010producing pathogens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T11:07:06Z","timestamp":1740049626000},"page":"148-158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of the in\u00a0vitro antibiofilm activities of otic cleansers against canine otitis externa pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9409-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhumika F.","family":"Savaliya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sorae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Veltman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Trott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences The University of Adelaide  Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Canine otitis externa \u2010 treatment and complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajwa J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9417-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.6.1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"The role of bacterial biofilms in antimicrobial resistance. 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