{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:16:31Z","timestamp":1785510991506,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757462400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n The antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine shampoo is directly affected by formulation and bathing factors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis\/Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the in\u00a0vitro antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine\u2010containing shampoos at various dilutions and to compare their lathering ability.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals<\/jats:title>\n No animals were utilised in this study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Eight chlorhexidine\u2010containing shampoos, three non\u2010chlorhexidine shampoos, and a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate solution were tested against one American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) meticillin\u2010sensitive\n \n Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and one institutional meticillin\u2010resistant\n \n S. pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n isolate. The effect of formulation on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a broth microdilution method. The first dilution that had no visible growth and four preceding dilutions were plated on blood agar to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Lathering ability and lather stability were assessed using a modified cylinder shake method. MIC and MBC were compared for the dilution ratio and chlorhexidine gluconate\/digluconate concentration using a Kruskal\u2013Wallis test with Bonferroni correction (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n All products had a detectable MIC. Statistically significant differences between MIC and MBC were observed between shampoos that were not based on chlorhexidine concentration alone. Two non\u2010chlorhexidine shampoos had no detectable MBC. Over time, all shampoos had a significant decrease in lather height. Lathering ability significantly differed between some shampoos.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n This preliminary study suggests that shampoo formulation and not just chlorhexidine concentration impacts efficacy. Further investigation with more robust numbers of bacterial isolates and large\u2010scale head\u2010to\u2010head clinical trials is required to determine if the reported in\u00a0vitro variance has clinical significance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.70026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:19:59Z","timestamp":1757492399000},"page":"148-160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Chlorhexidine\u2010Containing Shampoos: In\u00a0Vitro Efficacy Against\n Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/i>\n and Lathering Ability"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1991-0867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E.","family":"Binversie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6098-4887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason B.","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7532-9797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren J.","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302639.ch11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8010011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12118"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12444"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2010.00898.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Evaluation of Weekly Bathing in Allergic Dogs With Methicillin\u2010Resistant Staphylococcal Colonization","volume":"64","author":"Kawarai S.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0803600404"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.144.19.536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2011.01002.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006442715761"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.12012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Effect of Chlorhexidine\/EDTA\/Tris Against Bacterial Isolates From Clinical Specimens","volume":"51","author":"Harper W. 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