{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:18:12Z","timestamp":1787818692183,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019354","name":"Azabu University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Dermatology"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Topical glucocorticoid (GC) is used to manage inflammatory skin diseases in dogs. However, contact times associated with detectable topical GC effects have not been clarified in dogs. Uncertainty regarding contact time may lead to premature removal or overuse, compromising efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine contact times at which detectable GC effects are observed after topical difluprednate lotion application in dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals<\/jats:title>\n Six male Beagle dogs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Suppression of the histamine\u2010induced vascular reaction (HVR), based on the principles of the vasoconstrictor assay, was used as an indicator of detectable GC effects. Difluprednate lotion was applied to a circular area (2\u2009cm in diameter) on the lateral trunk 5, 10 and 30\u2009min before intradermal histamine injection. Fluorescein was administered intravenously 5\u2009min before histamine injection to visualise HVR. HVR images were obtained 15\u2009min after histamine injection under UV illumination, and the fluorescent area was measured using\n ImageJ<\/jats:sc>\n . Statistical analysis was performed using Dunnett's multiple comparison test.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n When difluprednate application was performed 5, 10 and 30\u2009min before histamine injection, HVR areas were smaller than untreated control sites (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). No significant differences were detected among sites treated 5, 10 and 30\u2009min before histamine injection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions and Clinical Relevance<\/jats:title>\n Difluprednate lotion suppressed the HVR when applied 5, 10 and 30\u2009min before histamine injection, indicating detectable dermal GC activity at the evaluated time points. Information regarding contact times at which topical GC effects can be detected may help clinicians to provide contact\u2010time instructions and improve treatment management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.70122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T07:35:01Z","timestamp":1787816101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time Required for Topical Difluprednate to Suppress the Intradermal Histamine\u2010Induced Vascular Reaction in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2814-8263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fusako","family":"Takeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Murayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Services for Dogs and Cats Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4047-1803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kensuke","family":"Orito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Physiology II, School of Veterinary Medicine Azabu University Sagamihara Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0514-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.51847\/Ihd43AUMKW","article-title":"The Use of Local Glucocorticosteroids in Veterinary Practice \u2013 An Overview","volume":"11","author":"Pul\u2010Luzan V.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1987.191.06.685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04449.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600840922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-03072-9","article-title":"Localized Alopecia and Suppression of Hypothalamic\u2010Pituitary\u2010Adrenal (HPA) Axis in Dogs Following Treatment With Difluprednate 0.05% Ophthalmic Emulsion (Durezol)","volume":"17","author":"Quantz K.","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Veterinary 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